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11. Very early on, scientists began grouping the living organisms under different categories. Some biologists classified organisms into plants and animals. Ernst Haeckel, Robert Whittaker, and Carl Woese are some biologists who attempted a broader system of classification. Amongst these, the Five Kingdom Classification proposed by Robert Whittaker stood out and is widely used.

Whittaker proposed an elaborate five kingdom classification - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The main criteria of the five kingdom classification were cell structure, body organisation, mode of nutrition and reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships. broadly divided into kingdoms, based on certain characters like the structure of the cell, mode of nutrition, the source of nutrition, interrelationship, body organization, and reproduction.

12.

a.

i. Many bacteria like Lactobacillus helps in the production of curd from milk.

ii. They act as decomposers and help in the formation of humus e.g. Pseudomonas. Many soil bacteria help in fixation of atmospheric nitrogen like Rhizobium (Symbiotic), Azotobacter (Free living).

b. Archaebacteria. Maintain soil fertility by nitrogen fixation, ammonification and nitrification, e.g., Rhizobium bacteria (in the root nodules of legumes). The milk products such as bufter, cheese, curd, etc., are obtained by the action of bacteria.

13.

a. There are three main groups of photosynthetic protists. They are the euglenophytes, the chrysophytes and the pyrrophytes. The euglenophytes include euglenoids such as Euglena. The chrysophytes include diatoms and golden algae.

b. The two main classes of phytoplankton are dinoflagellates and diatoms. Dinoflagellates use a whip-like tail, or flagella, to move through the water and their bodies are covered with complex shells.

14. The process of cell walls construction of diatoms is known as Frustule. It has two thin overlapping shells fitting into each other just as a soap-box. Their walls are made up of silica. The dead and decomposed diatoms deposit the sillica present in their walls in form of diatomaceous earth.

Explanation:

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