The concrete roof of a house of thickness 20 cm has an area 200m².The temperature inside the house is 15°C and outside is 35°C. Find the rate at which thermal energy will be conducted through the roof the value of k for concrete is 0.65 -¹K -¹.
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PHASES OF MITOSIS
Mitosis is the phase of the cell cycle where the nucleus of a cell is divided into two nuclei with an equal amount of genetic material in both the daughter nuclei. It succeeds the G2 phase and is succeeded by cytoplasmic division after the separation of the nucleus.
Mitosis is essential for the growth of the cells and the replacement of worn-out cells. Abnormalities during mitosis may alter the DNA, resulting in genetic disorders.
Features of Mitosis
In each cycle of cell division, two daughter cells are formed from the parent cell.
The cell is also known as equational cell division because the chromosome number in the parent cell and daughter cell is the same.
In plants, mitosis leads to the growth of vegetative parts of the plant like root tip, stem tip, etc.
Segregation and combination do not occur in this process.
The processes occurring during mitosis have been divided into different stages.
Stages of Mitosis
Right before prophase, the cell spends most of its life in the interphase, where preparations are made before the beginning of mitosis (the DNA is copied). However, since the actual process involves the division of the nucleus, prophase is technically the first stage of this process.
The different stages of mitosis occurring during cell division are given as follows-
Interphase
Before entering mitosis, a cell spends a period of its growth under interphase. It undergoes the following phases when in interphase:
G1 Phase: This is the period before the synthesis of DNA.
S Phase: This is the phase during which DNA synthesis takes place.
G2 Phase: This is the phase between the end of DNA synthesis and the beginning of prophase.
Prophase
Prophase immediately follows S and G2 phase of the cycle and is marked by condensation of the genetic material to form compact mitotic chromosomes composed of two chromatids attached at the centromere.
The completion of prophase is characterised by the initiation of the assembly of the mitotic spindle, the microtubules, and the proteinaceous components of cytoplasm that help in the process.
The nuclear envelope starts disintegrating.
Prometaphase
In the prometaphase, the nuclear envelop disintegrates. Now the microtubules are allowed to extend from the centromere to the chromosome. The microtubules attach to the kinetochores which allow the cell to move the chromosome around.
Metaphase
At this stage, the microtubules start pulling the chromosomes with equal force, and the chromosome ends up in the middle of the cell. This region is known as the metaphase plate. Thus, each cell gets an entire functioning genome.
Anaphase
The splitting of the sister chromatids marks the onset of anaphase. These sister chromatids become the chromosome of the daughter nuclei. The chromosomes are then pulled towards the pole by the fibres attached to the kinetochores of each chromosome. The centromere of each chromosome leads at the edge while the arms trail behind it.
Telophase
The chromosomes that cluster at the two poles start coalescing into an undifferentiated mass, as the nuclear envelope starts forming around it. The nucleolus, Golgi bodies and ER complex, which had disappeared after prophase start to reappear.
Telophase is followed by cytokinesis, which denotes the division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells. Thus, it marks the completion of cell division.
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How to Survive Without a Car
Topics: Bicycle, Automobile, Bus Pages: 2 (604 words) Published: March 23, 2011
If you are like me and had the unfortunate event of losing your car to an accident, you will have to quickly learn to survive without one. At first, it may seem impossible, you ask yourself questions like “How am I going to get to work?”, “How am I going to run any errands?”, “How am I going to afford a replacement car?” and “How the hell am I going to have a life?” Losing a car for me was like losing an arm or a leg. There are plenty of people today who live long happy lives without arms and legs. So the key to survival is to not let this handicap you and take from the quality of your life.
When you live your life with such dependence on a single material thing, and that certain thing is taken away, you may feel like your life has been stolen from you. The first thing you need to do is take a period of rest, a day or two will suffice. This is especially helpful if you have suffered a tragic accident in the event of losing your car. Relax, take into account that you have lived your life before a car came into it, and you can live without it. If you are feeling depressed about your loss, seek support in friends and family.
After you feel you have accepted your situation, you will need to find a temporary means of transportation to all of your obligations in life such as work, school, and every day errands. If you live in a city, this will probably not be the most difficult of tasks. If you do live in a city, buses are a great way to get around. In my city of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, they run me to and from my classes and can even get me a single block away from my place of work. I highly recommend you invest in a bus pass, because they pay for themselves within a week, fit in your wallet easily, and you don't have to pull out a dollar fifty every time you hop on a bus. If you do not live in a city, and buses are not an option, you may want to think about investing in a bike. Bikes are inexpensive,