Question

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☛ write a note on protonema.​

Answer 1

Explanation:

A protonema is a thread-like chain of cells that form the earliest stage of the life cycle of mosses and liverworts. Moss spores germinate to form an algae-like filamentous structure called the protonema. It represents the juvenile gametophyte.

Answer 2

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The protonema, which grows directly from the germinating spore, is in most mosses an extensive, branched system of multicellular filaments that are rich in chlorophyll. This stage initiates the accumulation of hormones that influence the further growth of newly formed cells.