Question

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1. Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs, giving two examples of each.
2. How will you test a leaf for starch? Mention any precautions you will take.
3. How do plants get nitrogen to synthesize proteins?
4. All animals—whether herbivores, carnivores or omnivores-depend on plants for their food.
Discuss.
5. Explain the following with the help of an example for each:
a. parasitic nutrition
b. symbiosis
c. saprotrophic nutrition
6. Why are manures and fertilizers added to the soil in a farm?
7. Distinguish between parasites and partial parasites in plants, giving one example of each.
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Answer 1

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Definition. Autotrophs: Organisms that are able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide are referred to as autotrophs.

Science definitions for heterotroph. heterotroph. An organism that cannot manufacture its own food and instead obtains its food and energy by taking in organic substances, usually plant or animal matter. All animals, protozoans, fungi, and most bacteria are heterotrophs

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Testing Leaves for Starch

Collect a leaf that has been recently exposed to sunlight. Since this test will determine if photosynthesis has...

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Use your forceps to place your leaf in boiling water for 2 minutes. When placing your leaf into the boiling water, be...

Use forceps to remove your leaf from the boiling water. Make sure to always use forceps or tweezers to remove your...

Answer 2

Answer:

1. Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food from the substances available in their surroundings using light (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis). Heterotrophs cannot synthesize their own food and rely on other organisms — both plants and animals — for nutrition.An autotroph is a group of organisms capable of producing their own food by utilizing various substances like water, sunlight, air, and other chemicals. A heterotroph is a group of organisms that obtain their food from other organisms and are not capable of producing their own food.
2. First we will heat a plant leaf in boiling water for 30 seconds (this stops its chemical reactions) heat it in boiling ethanol for a few minutes (this removes most of its colour) wash with water and spread onto a white tile. add iodine solution from a dropper.
3. The presence of starch in leaves can be tested by the Iodine test. When we remove chlorophyll from the leaf by boiling it in alcohol and then put two drops of iodine solution, it is colour change to blue indicates the presence of starch.
4. Plants can get nitrogen to synthesise protein by- 1) They modify some parts of their body such as apex of leaf and change themselves to become insectivorous plants. 2) Leguminous plants like- pea plants,etc. have rhisobium bacteria in their root nodules which also provide them nitrogen.
5. Plants are capable of making their own food. All animals whether herbivores, carnivores or omnivores can not make their own food; hence, they depend on the plants for their food. Herbivores feed on plants to obtain nutrition.
6. Parasitic nutrition is a mode of heterotrophic nutrition where an organism lives on the body surface or inside the body of another type of organism . The parasite obtains nutrition directly from the body of the host. The parasites derive their nourishment from their host.Examples include lice and tapeworms.

• Commensalism is a type of relationship where one of the organisms benefits greatly from the symbiosis. The other is not helped but is not harmed or damaged from the relationship. In other words, this is a one-sided symbiotic relationship. Example: The relationship between cattle egrets and cattle
• Saprotrophic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism obtains its food from decaying organic matter of dead plants, dead animals and rotten bread, etc. ... Saprophytes are the organisms which obtain food from dead plants (like rotten leaves), dead and decaying animal bodies, and other decaying organic matter.(for example Mucor) and soil bacteria

6.Manure is organic matter derived from animal faeces and plant waste. When the plants are cultivated continuously on a field, the soil gradually loses its nutrient and eventually gets depleted. Thus, manures and fertilizers are used to provide nutrient to the soil due to which the crop yield is enhanced

7.cuscuta is a total parasite as it obtains ready made food material from the phloem tissue of its host. PARTIAL PARASITE : Some plants are partially depending on their host for the announcement that parasites are called PARTIAL PARASITE. For E.g - MISTLETOE is a partial parasite.cuscuta is a total parasite as it obtains ready made food material from the phloem tissue of its host. PARTIAL PARASITE : Some plants are partially depending on their host for the announcement that parasites are called PARTIAL PARASITE. For E.g - MISTLETOE is a partial parasite

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