Question

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1. How did tribal societies change with time ?

2. How can excessive deforestation affect the lives of tribal communities?
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★ Name of the chapter : Social change - Tribal and Nomad societies.
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Answer 1

Answer:

1. The emergence of large states changed the nature of  the tribal societies. We can understand this with the help of two examples.

1. The Gond Society: The basically equal society of the Gonds gradually got divided into unequal social classes. Brahmanas received land grants from the Gond rajas and became more influential. The Gond chiefs now wished to be recognized as Rajputs. So, Aman Das, the Gond Raja of Garha Katanga, assumed the title of 'Sangram Shah'.

2. The Ahom Society: The Ahoms built a large state which brought many changes in the Ahom society. The influence of Brahmanas increased. Temples and Brahmanas were granted land by the king. In the reign of Sib Singh, Hinduism became the predominant religions. But the Ahom Kings did not completely give up their traditional beliefs after adopting Hinduism.

2. It is causing the problem of livelihood and displacement among the tribals and rural people. Deforestation is causing the isolation of the tribal people from the natural environment and social imbalance. Large scale migration from the rural area to urban centre is increasing due to livelihood and food insecurity.

Answer 2

★ Question 1.

How did tribal societies change with time ?

★ Solution ::

Yes, tribal societies did change with time. This can be due to topographical development, modernisation, clearing of forests, etc. The following were the changes in them with time :-

• Change in Lifestyle : As tribal people came more in contact with modern people they started adopting modern living style to live and learn. This made them live together with common people and helped them to leave behind their older style of living. Usually there living style like houses, proper clothing and proper sense, etc. changed.

• Change in Food Habits : Tribal people especially ate raw foods. When the change came into their life, they started eating food as modern people used to eat. They cooked the food and then ate it. Even they started using modern techniques of fooding like spices and condiments, etc.

• Change in Clothing Style : Tribal people usually used to wear nature - style clothes made of barks animal skin, leaves, etc. As they adopted the change, they started using modern clothing style like wearing fibre made clothes.

• Change in Culture : Most of the tribal societies had culture of enhancing their deities and nature. But new culture made their culture get mingled with the modern culture. They started adopting new deities and new culture. Their festivities and traditions also changed.

• Change in Language : Tribal people also faced change in their language as they had to accept the change in their language. In order to live with others properly, they had to apply the common language and had to forget their native language.

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★ Question 2.

How can excessive deforestation affect the lives of tribal communities ?

★ Solution ::

Excessive Deforestation affect the lives of tribal communities a lot. All there means of livelihood is lost by the loss of forest. They loose their natural environment by this. The following are the main affects of deforestation on the lives of tribal communities :-

• Loss of Living : Tribal people used to live in forest which makes the forest as their nature surrounding to have a proper living. When forests are deforested, then this natural surrounding gets destroyed and then tribal people can't live happily and properly there

• Loss of Livelihood : Main livelihood of tribal people is the collection of timbers and resins. When forests are destroyed, this livelihood is also destroyed. They can't collect these things and thus they couldn't have any source of income to live properly.

• Loss of Raw Materials : Tribal people get the raw materials for their living like wood, food, paper, leaves for dress and mats, etc. When forests are destroyed, they couldn't get this more and thus they have to starve or move to other place to get this.

• Loss of Property : Tribal people have only little property of their that are forest resources, land and fields. When these forests are destroyed, their fields also get destroyed. Even most of the deforestation leads to mining or making of roads which even prevent them from using forest resources.

• Loss of Culture : Due to deforestation tribal societies have to move to other places which makes them loose their culture and tradition. Due to this they are turning into minority community and thus the gap between modern people and tribal people is increasing.