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Answer 1

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Answer 2

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Noble gas, any of the seven chemical elements that make up Group 18 (VIIIa) of the periodic table. The elements are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), radon (Rn), and oganesson (Og). The noble gases are colourless, odourless, tasteless, nonflammable gases. They traditionally have been labeled Group 0 in the periodic table because for decades after their discovery it was believed that they could not bond to other atoms; that is, that their atoms could not combine with those of other elements to form chemical compounds. Their electronic structures and the finding that some of them do indeed form compounds has led to the more appropriate designation, Group 18.

Modern version of the periodic table of the elements. To see more information about an element, select one from the table.

Modern version of the periodic table of the elements. To see more information about an element, select one from the table.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

When the members of the group were discovered and identified, they were thought to be exceedingly rare, as well as chemically inert, and therefore were called the rare or inert gases. It is now known, however, that several of these elements are quite abundant on Earth and in the rest of the universe, so the designation rare is misleading. Similarly, use of the term inert has the drawback that it connotes chemical passivity, suggesting that compounds of Group 18 cannot be formed. In chemistry and alchemy, the word noble has long signified the reluctance of metals, such as gold and platinum, to undergo chemical reaction; it applies in the same sense to the group of gases covered here.

The abundances of the noble gases decrease as their atomic numbers increase. Helium is the most plentiful element in the universe except hydrogen. All the noble gases are present in Earth’s atmosphere and, except for helium and radon, their major commercial source is the air, from which they are obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. Most helium is produced commercially from certain natural gas wells. Radon usually is isolated as a product of the radioactive decomposition of radium compounds. The nuclei of radium atoms spontaneously decay by emitting energy and particles, helium nuclei (alpha particles) and radon atoms. Some properties of the noble gases are listed in the table.

Some properties of the noble gases

helium neon argon krypton xenon radon ununoctium

*At 25.05 atmospheres.

**hcp = hexagonal close-packed, fcc = face-centred cubic (cubic close-packed).

***Stablest isotope.

atomic number 2 10 18 36 54 86 118

atomic weight 4.003 20.18 39.948 83.8 131.293 222 294***

melting point (°C) −272.2* −248.59 −189.3 −157.36 −111.7 −71 —

boiling point (°C) −268.93 −246.08 −185.8 −153.22 −108 −61.7 —

density at 0 °C, 1 atmosphere (grams per litre) 0.17847 0.899 1.784 3.75 5.881 9.73 —

solubility in water at 20 °C (cubic centimetres of gas per 1,000 grams water) 8.61 10.5 33.6 59.4 108.1 230 —

isotopic abundance (terrestrial, percent) 3 (0.000137), 4 (99.999863) 20 (90.48), 21 (0.27), 22 (9.25) 36 (0.3365), 40 (99.6003) 78 (0.35), 80 (2.28), 82 (11.58), 83 (11.49), 84 (57), 86 (17.3) 124 (0.09), 126 (0.09), 128 (1.92), 129 (26.44), 130 (4.08), 131 (21.18), 132 (26.89), 134 (10.44), 136 (8.87) — —

radioactive isotopes (mass numbers) 5–10 16–19, 23–34 30–35, 37, 39, 41–53 69–77, 79, 81, 85, 87–100 110–125, 127, 133, 135–147 195–228 294

colour of light emitted by gaseous discharge tube yellow red red or blue yellow-green blue to green — —

heat of fusion (kilojoules per mole) 0.02 0.34 1.18 1.64 2.3 3 —

heat of vaporization (calories per mole) 0.083 1.75 6.5 9.02 12.64 17 —

specific heat (joules per gram Kelvin) 5.1931 1.03 0.52033 0.24805 0.15832 0.09365 —

critical temperature (K) 5.19 44.4 150.87 209.41 289.77 377 —

critical pressure (atmospheres) 2.24 27.2 48.34 54.3 57.65 62 —

critical density (grams per cubic centimetre) 0.0696 0.4819 0.5356 0.9092 1.103 — —

thermal conductivity (watts per metre Kelvin) 0.1513 0.0491 0.0177 0.0094 0.0057 0.0036 —

magnetic susceptibility (cgs units per mole) −0.0000019 −0.0000072 −0.0000194 −0.000028 −0.000043 — —

crystal structure** hcp fcc fcc fcc fcc fcc —

radius: atomic (angstroms) 0.31 0.38 0.71 0.88 1.08 1.2 —

radius: covalent (crystal) estimated (angstroms) 0.32 0.69 0.97 1.1 1.3 1.45 —

static polarizability (cubic angstroms) 0.204 0.392 1.63 2.465 4.01 — —

ionization potential (first, electron volts) 24.587 21.565 15.759 13.999 12.129 10.747 —

electronegativity (Pauling) 4.5 4.0 2.9 2.6 2.25 2.0 —