The current in reverse bias for a pn junction diode may be
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Answer:
Opto-electronics combines optical and electronic material and device properties to detect, generate and control light. Opto-electronics covers a wide range of applications including LEDs, laser diodes, photodiodes and solar cells. On the one hand, electrical control of an opto-electronic device results in an optical output as in the case of LEDs. On the other hand, optically exciting a device produces an electronic signal response such as the one obtained from a photodiode. Opto-electronic devices are semiconductor-based and mainly work on the principle of direct electron-photon conversion: the semiconductor's energy gap sets the energy scale of the device's optical excitation.
Importantly, the energy gap can be tuned and engineered for a particular application. In the case of graphene-based devices such as the one considered in the figure, which are highly transparent and provide good energy tunability, the bandgap can be induced by reducing the device's dimension, as with nano-ribbons and quantum dots, or by using double-layer graphene, for which the energy gap is on the order of 0.25 eV.
Explanation:
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