Question

The direction of transmission of electro magnetic wave is

Answer 1

Light and other electromagnetic waves are transverse waves made up of mutually perpendicular, fluctuatingelectric and magnetic fields. In the diagram on the right an EM wave is propagating in the x-direction, theelectric field oscillates in the xy-plane, and the magnetic field oscillates in the xz-plane.

Answer 2

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Electromagnetic (EM) waves are changing electric and magnetic fields, transporting energy and momentum through space.  EM waves are solutions of Maxwell's equations, which are the fundamental equations of electrodynamics.  EM waves require no medium, they can travel through empty space.  Sinusoidal plane waves are one type of electromagnetic waves.  Not all EM waves are sinusoidal plane waves, but all electromagnetic waves can be viewed as a linear superposition of sinusoidal plane waves traveling in arbitrary directions.  A plane EM wave traveling in the x-direction is of the form

E(x,t) = Emaxcos(kx - ωt + φ), B(x,t) = Bmaxcos(kx - ωt + φ).

E is the electric field vector, and B is the magnetic field vector of the EM wave.  For electromagnetic waves Eand B are always perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation.  The direction of propagation is the direction of E x B.

Let the fingers of your right hand point in the direction of E.  Orient the palm of your hand so that, as you curl your fingers, you can sweep them over to point in the direction of B.  Your thumb points in the direction of E x B.

Let i denote the x-direction, jthe y-direction and k the z-direction.  If for a wave traveling in the x-direction E = E j, then B = B k and j x k = i.  Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.





The wave number is k = 2π/λ, where λ is the wavelength of the wave.  The frequency f of the wave is f = ω/2π, ω is the angular frequency.  The speed of any periodic wave is the product of its wavelength and frequency.

v = λf.

The speed of any electromagnetic waves in free space is the speed of light c = 3*108m/s.  Electromagnetic waves can have any wavelength λ or frequency f as long as λf = c.

When electromagnetic waves travel through a medium, the speed of the waves in the medium is v = c/n, where n is the index of refraction of the medium.  When an EM wave travels from one medium with index of refraction n1 into another medium with a different index of refraction n2, then its frequency remains the same, but its speed and wavelength change.  For air n is nearly equal to 1.



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