the immune system works best when you are sleeping write an article in a about 100-150 on the effect of sleeping disorder on our immune system
Answers
Answer:
joint function of tissues, organs and cells for the protection of body develops immune system. The human immune response against various infections during sleep, its mechanism, neuroimmune interactions, immunoregulatory effect of sleep along with sleep deprivation and role of cytokines in sleep deprivation were addressed. It is revealed that human immune system and sleep both are associated and influenced by each other. Sleep deprivation makes a living body susceptible to many infectious agents. In the result, immune system of human body is altered by releasing immunomodulators in the response of infections as reported by various researchers. Basic reasons and mechanisms of most of the poor sleep networks and release of proinflammatory modulators are still uncertain. The current situation requires improved sleep habits to make immune system efficient for a healthy life.
Keywords: Sleep, innate immunity, cytokines, infectious agents, circadian rhythms
Introduction
Sleep is a physiological process that shows recuperative and regulatory characteristics [1,2]. Immune system response is regulated by three physiological events such as wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement that is NREM or slow sleep, and rapid eye movement that is REM sleep [3]. Various pathogens constantly attack living organisms, and the immune system which is composed of complicated networks of physical and biochemical components keep the organism existent [4].
In the 1970’s, the association between sleep and the immune system was first recognized when muramyl peptide acquired from bacterial peptidoglycan or Factor S from human urine was isolated chemically as sleep inducing factor [5]. Immunoregulatory cytokine, i.e. interleukin (IL)-1, a key player in sleep regulation has levels associated with sleep propensity in the brain induced by muramyl dipeptide and Factor S related peptidoglycans [6]. So, it is expedient that sleep regulated cytokines effect the immune system [7].
In a similar manner, inflammatory mediators increase due to constant sleep loss that alter CNS processes and behavior during immune feedback to infection, including sleep [8]. Thus, during the intense phase response to infection or in chronic inflammation regulatory molecules cytokines are shared by sleep and the immune system involve in both physiological and disturbed sleep phase [9]. In my present study, I will discuss the human immune response against various infections during sleep, immunoregulatory effect of sleep along with sleep deprivation and role of cytokines in sleep regulation.
Mechanism of adaptive immune response supported by sleep
Fragments of antigen are presented to T helper (Th) cells along with the two types of cells which are involved in the formation of immunological synapse by APC that are antigen presenting cells that may pick and process invading antigen. Th1 response is induced by natural release of interleukin (IL)-12 APC and the function of antigen specific cytotoxic T cells along the production of antibodies by B-cells is supported by it [10] as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Adaptive immune response supported by sleep.
Neuroimmune interactions
Particular anatomical and physiological conditions are based upon neuroimmune interactions whereas chemokines and modulators, cytokines and neurotransmitters, hormones are intercellular signals that may be shared by immune cells, neurons and glia cells [11,12]. In both directions, blood-brain barrier can be crossed by some of the shared signals [13,14]. In cerebrospinal fluid, nerve endings and at meningeal borders immune cells come in their close contact and flow in all directions throughout the body [15,16].
Somehow, sensory nerve fibers, sympathetic and peptidergic may also create connections between primary lymphatic tissues that are bone marrow and thymus and secondary lymphatic tissues such as lymph nodes and spleen [17,18]. Immune functions not only regulated by autonomous and endocrine nervous system through hormones and neural innervations but also through lymph flow, blood pressure and blood flow [18,19], oxygen, fatty acids and via supply of substrates like glucose [20-22].
Poor sleep and health
Downturn in activity and vigilance is not only indicated by sleep deprivation but it is an integral process that restrains many physiological functions [23,24].
Our capacity to remain healthy is badly effected by loss of sleep and sense of comfort, physiological framework accompanied by health is badly influenced by poor sleep [25]. Our demand for sleep is also increased in most of the ailments as observed [26]. Perceptivity to infectious diseases and deterioration of systemic circulation of leukocytes is increased by petty alterations due to lack of sleep [27]. However, there is a huge complexity in both the immune system and sleep [28,29].