The influence of interleukin-1 and mechanical stimulation on huan adipose derived adult stem cells undergoing chondrogenesis
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For example, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), as well as procatabolic enzymes and mediators such as metalloproteinases (MMPs), aggrecanases, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide are overexpressed in these joints and can cause tissue degradation, pain, and inflammation . While the effects of IL-1 on chondrocytes have been characterized extensively (e.g., ), recent studies have also demonstrated the deleterious effects of IL-1 on the chondrogenesis of ASCs and MSCs , as well as tissue engineered cartilage comprising chondrocytes seeded in scaffolds of agarose or collagen . Furthermore, IL-1 and TNF-a inhibit the integrative repair of cartilaginous tissues such as the meniscus , via upregulation of MMPs and the inhibition of cell proliferation
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