The reading of ammeter in the circuit shown in the figure is 40 hip 892 42 12 V O 3 A 0 2 A o 1.5A 0 2.5 A
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Answer:
FPO
9 Network Theorems Network Theorems
9.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter introduces a number of theorems that have application throughout the field of
electricity and electronics. Not only can they be used to solve networks such as encountered
in the previous chapter, but they also provide an opportunity to determine the impact of a
particular source or element on the response of the entire system. In most cases, the network
to be analyzed and the mathematics required to find the solution are simplified. All of the
theorems appear again in the analysis of ac networks. In fact, the application of each theorem
to ac networks is very similar in content to that found in this chapter.
The first theorem to be introduced is the superposition theorem, followed by Thévenin’s
theorem, Norton’s theorem, and the maximum power transfer theorem. The chapter concludes
with a brief introduction to Millman’s theorem and the substitution and reciprocity theorems.
9.2 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
The superposition theorem is unquestionably one of the most powerful in this field. It has
such widespread application that people often apply it without recognizing that their maneu-
vers are valid only because of this theorem.
In general, the theorem can be used to do the following:
• Analyze networks such as introduced in the last chapter that have two or more sources
that are not in series or parallel.
• Reveal the effect of each source on a particular quantity of interest.
• For sources of different types (such as dc and ac, which affect the parameters of the
network in a different manner) and apply a separate analysis for each type, with the
total result simply the algebraic sum of the results.
• Become familiar with the superposition theorem
and its unique ability to separate the impact of
each source on the quantity of interest.
• Be able to apply Thévenin’s theorem to reduce any
two-terminal, series-parallel network with any
number of sources to a single voltage source and
series resistor.
• Become familiar with Norton’s theorem and how
it can be used to reduce any two-terminal, series-
parallel network with any number of sources to a
single current source and a parallel resistor.
• Understand how to apply the maximum power
transfer theorem to determine the maximum
power to a load and to choose a load that will
receive maximum power.
• Become aware of the reduction powers of
Millman’s theorem and the powerful implications
of the substitution and reciprocity theorems.
Objectives
9
Th
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