Question

The reproductive organs in the members of cryptogams (thallophyta, bryophyta and
pteridophyta) are inconspicuous or hidden. They produce naked embryos after fertilization
(union of male gamete with female gamete) that are called spores.
In the case of phanerogams (gymnosperms and angiosperms), seeds are produced after
fertilization. They contain embryo along with stored food. The stored food provides nourishment
to the developing embryo.
nosperms
As you have already learnt, phanerogams or seed-bearing plants are of two types-
gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms bear naked seeds, or seeds which are not
enclosed in a fruit. The pollen produced by these plants is dispersed by wind, insect, etc. The
zygote, or fertilized egg, develops into an embryo. The embryo and the food it uses to grow are
covered by a protective seed coat.
In the course of evolution, the gymnosperms appeared before the angiosperms. All conifers
(evergreen plants) like pines, firs, cedars and redwoods are gymnosperms. Conifers are among
the largest trees and constitute the major source of pulp and paper. Cycads (Cycas) are palmito
gymnosperms, but unlike palms, they bear naked seeds on the scales of cones (Figline 210
Gymnosperms do not have flowers.
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Answer 1

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