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Answer:
Kinematic analysis includes four components of deformation
translation (change in position)
rotation (change in orientation)
dilation (change in size) and
distortion (change in shape)
Translation and rotation are grouped as rigid body deformation, whereas dilation and distortion constitute strain.
In practice, dilation is very difficult to measure in most rocks, and so normally when we speak of strain we are speaking of distortion.
Why measure strain?
Many of the features we see in deformed rocks are products of strain. It is important to have some understanding of strain to answer questions like:
How much shortening has there been in the Cordillera?
How is fabric produced by deformation?
How can we figure out original thicknesses of strata affected by folds and cleavage?
When we see a major mylonite zone, how much movement has there been?
Can we trust sedimentary structures and paleocurrent directions measured in deformed rocks?
How much distortion accompanied folding in a foothills oilfield, and how did this affect porosity?
All these are questions that can only be answered with an understanding of strain.
Strain markers
Many rocks contain evidence for strain. To actually measure strain we need strain markers: features that had an original shape or size that we can guess, so we can use them to estimate distortion.
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