Tribal dikus and the vision of golden age
Answers
Explanation:
Birsa's vision of golden age was to have their land free of dikus. He considered that age to be the 'age of truth'. According to Birsa, in the golden age, the tribal sirdars will be able to rule among themselves and no one will be there to dictate terms to them.
Answer:
The tribes had customs and rituals that were very different from those laid down by Brahmas. they also did not had any social distinctions.
In mid-1870s Birsa was born in a family of Mundas-a tribal group that lived in Chhotanagpur. He is known to oppose British interference in the name of administration in forest areas and revolted in 1895 till his death in1900.
How did Tribal Groups Live: By the 19th century, tribal people in different parts of India were involved in a variety of activities such as subsistance farming, herding, and collection of forest products.
How did Colonial Rule Affect Tribal Lives: The lives of tribal groups changed during British rule. Their faiths were tried to be changed via Christian missionaries and laws related to forest were had direct impact on their traditional rights.
What Happened to Tribal Chiefs:
Before the arrival of the British, tribal chiefs enjoyed economic power, and had the right to administer and control their territories.
Under British rule, the functions and powers of the tribal chiefs changed as they were allowed to keep their land titles but lost there administrative rights and were forced to follow laws made by British officials in India.
Rules made by British took over the entitlement and power to administer the forest area.
What Happened to the Shifting Cultivators:
The British were uncomfortable with the shifting cultivators as it was more easy to control a settled group.
The British wanted to regular revenue source for the state and introduced land settlements.
The British effort to settle jhum cultivators was not vey successful in North-Eastern part of India as the land was not fertile enough.
After facing widespread protests, the British had to allow them the right to carry on shifting cultivation in some parts of the forest.
In most of the central parts shifting cultivation was prohibited and lands were assigned to do the cultivation.
Forests Laws and Their Impact:
The life of tribal groups was directly connected to the forest.
The British extended their control over all forests and declared them as state property.
Reserved forests were for producing timber which the British wanted but for the purpose of cheap labour the forest village were settled within the forest.
In reserved forests people were not allowed to move freely or practice jhum cultivation.
This law impacted the very survival of triblas as they were mainly depend on forest and its products. Many tribal groups reacted against the colonial forest laws and rose in an open rebellion.
The Problem with Trade:
During the 19th century, tribal groups found the traders and moneylenders were coming into forests and offering cash loans to the tribal people and asking them to work for wages. This led the trapping of tribals in the vicious cycle of debt and increased the misery of their life.
Indian silk was in demand in European markets during the 18th century.
The Santhals of Hazaribagh reared cocoons. The traders spent in their agaents who gave loans to the tribal people and collected the cocoons.
The coconuts were exported to Burdwan or Gaya to sold at 5 times the price.
Different crops were grown by tribals and were taken over by traders at lesser prices and were sold in market at higher prices. This left the tribals for little to survive.
The Search for Work:
The plight of the tribals who had to go far away from their homes in search of work was even worse.
The tribals were recruited in large numbers to work for tea plantations and coal mines through contractors low wages, and prevented them from returning home.
A Closer Look: The tribal groups rebelled in different of the country against the changes in laws, restrictions on their practices, the new taxes they had to pay and exploitation by traders and moneylenders.
Uprisings of Tribals:
Kol uprising – 1831-32
Santhal uprising -1855
Munda uprising – 1895-1900
Bastar uprising – 1910
Birsa Munda:
A movement began under the leadership of Birsa Munda.
The British officials were worried as the political aim of the Birsa movement was to drive out missionaries, moneylenders, Hindu landlords and the government and set up a Munda Raj with Birsa at its head.
In 1895, Birsa Munda was arrested.
He was released in 1897 and he toured the villages to gather support. He urged people to destroy ‘Ravana’ (dikus and the European), and establish a kingdom under his leadership.
In 1900 Birsa died of cholera and the movement faded out.
Effects of Uprisings:
British made the laws stricter so that moneylanders could not exploit the tribes by snatching away their lands.
It showed the power of tribals that they can also fight for their rights and could be heard.
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