types of suspended particulate matter (SPM) with example
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The different types of particulate matter may be divided into three categories:
primary particulate matter: directly released into the atmosphere by a large number of human and natural sources (see list above).secondary particulate matter: formed by physical and chemical reactions from other pollutants, called precursors.re-suspended particulate matter: after it has been deposited, particulate matter can then return into the air through wind action or road traffic disturbance in urban areas, for example.
Particles differ in their chemical composition depending on origin. They are usually made up of:
salts in the form of nitrates, sulphates, carbonates, chlorides, etc.,organic carbon compounds (PAHs, oxides, condensable organic compounds, etc.) (called "organic carbon" and written as OC).trace elements such as heavy metals, etc.,black carbon (BC).
Black carbon is produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. It is contained in soot, which is a complex mixture of particles containing BC and OC. OC and BC are emitted together but in different proportions depending on sources and combustion conditions. Soot also contains inorganic salts and metals. Black carbon is a pollutant with global warming potential because it absorbs radiation and also because it is transported over long distances and deposited over ice caps, thus reducing their reflectivity (albedo). Organic carbon, on the other hand, tends to cool the atmosphere.
The particle size is a very important characteristic of particulate matter and determines the reduction techniques that may be used. Large-sized particles can be removed by techniques based on mechanical principles (cyclones, gravity collectors, etc.) but only electro-filters or fabric filters are capable of removing finer particles.
The chemical composition of particles can affect the efficiency of some reduction techniques. For example, the efficiency of an electro-filter depends on the resistivity of the particles, which in turn depends on their chemistry.
primary particulate matter: directly released into the atmosphere by a large number of human and natural sources (see list above).secondary particulate matter: formed by physical and chemical reactions from other pollutants, called precursors.re-suspended particulate matter: after it has been deposited, particulate matter can then return into the air through wind action or road traffic disturbance in urban areas, for example.
Particles differ in their chemical composition depending on origin. They are usually made up of:
salts in the form of nitrates, sulphates, carbonates, chlorides, etc.,organic carbon compounds (PAHs, oxides, condensable organic compounds, etc.) (called "organic carbon" and written as OC).trace elements such as heavy metals, etc.,black carbon (BC).
Black carbon is produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. It is contained in soot, which is a complex mixture of particles containing BC and OC. OC and BC are emitted together but in different proportions depending on sources and combustion conditions. Soot also contains inorganic salts and metals. Black carbon is a pollutant with global warming potential because it absorbs radiation and also because it is transported over long distances and deposited over ice caps, thus reducing their reflectivity (albedo). Organic carbon, on the other hand, tends to cool the atmosphere.
The particle size is a very important characteristic of particulate matter and determines the reduction techniques that may be used. Large-sized particles can be removed by techniques based on mechanical principles (cyclones, gravity collectors, etc.) but only electro-filters or fabric filters are capable of removing finer particles.
The chemical composition of particles can affect the efficiency of some reduction techniques. For example, the efficiency of an electro-filter depends on the resistivity of the particles, which in turn depends on their chemistry.
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Answer:
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is of mainly three types:
- Coarse Particles (PM10)
- Fine Particles (PM2.5)
- Ultrafine Particles (PM0.1)
Explanation:
1. Coarse Particles (PM10):
- Coarse particles also known as PM10 particles are defined as all particles which has an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or smaller.
- PM10 particles are not as dangerous as PM2.5 and PM0.1 but still it can pose a significant health diseases.
- Primary sources of PM10 are construction work, road dust, or natural dust storms, and atmospheric sources are the secondary source.
- Some common examples are Mold spores, Bacteria, Dust, Smoke and Airborne viral particles.
2. Fine Particles (PM2.5):
- Particles with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5μm are known as fine particles or PM2.5 particles.
- They are very less capable of entering into our blood or even into our blood streams.
- Common sources of these particles are Vehicle exhaust, Wildfires, Power plant emissions and Other combustion activities.
3. Ultrafine Particles (PM0.1):
- Particles with aerodynamic diameter of 0.1 μm or smaller than fine particles are known as ultrafine particles or PM0.1 particles.
- Less information is available about PM0.1 particles, but little we know that these particles causes greater risk to humans than PM2.5 particles.
- Sources are same as of PM2.5 particles.
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