Use of statistics in biochemistry field
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Clinical research involves investigating proposed medical treatments, assessing the relative benefits of competing therapies, and establishing optimal treatment combinations. Clinical research attempts to answer questions such as “should a man with prostate cancer undergo radical prostatectomy or radiation or watchfully wait?” and “is the incidence of serious adverse effects among patients receiving a new pain-relieving therapy greater than the incidence of serious adverse effects in patients receiving the standard therapy?”
Before the widespread use of experimental trials, clinicians attempted to answer such questions by generalizing from the experiences of individual patients to the population at large. Clinical judgement and reasoning were applied to reports of interesting cases. The concepts of variability among individuals and its sources were not formally addressed.
As the field of statistics, the “ theoretical science or formal study of the inferential process, especially the planning and analysis of experiments, surveys, and observational studies.” (Piantadosi 2005). has developed in the twentieth century, clinical research has utilized statistical methods provide formal accounting for sources of variability in patients’responses to treatment. The use of statistics allows clinical researchers to draw reasonable and accurate inferences from collected information and to make sound decisions in the presence of uncertainty. Mastery of statistical concepts can prevent numerous errors and biases in medical research.
Statistical reasoning is characterized by the following:
Establishing an objective framework for conducting an investigationPlacing data and theory on an equal scientific footingDesigning data production through experimentationQuantifying the influence of chanceEstimating systematic and random effectsCombining theory and data using formal methods
(Piantadosi, 2005)
Carter, Scheaffer, and Marks (1986) stated that:
“Statistics is unique among academic disciplines in that statistical thought is needed at every stage of virtually all research investigations including planning the study, selecting the sample, managing the data, and interpreting the results.”
Clinical and statistical reasoning are both crucial to progress in medicine. Clinical researchers must generalize from the few to many and combine empirical evidence with theory.. In both medical and statistical sciences, empirical knowledge is generated from observations and data. Medical theory is based upon established biology and hypotheses. Statistical theory is derived from mathematical and probabilistic models. (Piantadosi 2005), To establish a hypothesis requires both a theoretical basis in biology and statistical support for the hypothesis, based on the observed data and the theoretical statistical model.
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