Question

useful activities of bacteria​

Answer 1

Answer:

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Answer 2

Answer:

✯Major Beneficial Activities of Bacteria

• Nature's Scavengers: Bacteria decompose organic matter, by decay and putrefaction, to keep our earth clean.

• Control of Pollution.

• Disposal of Sewage and Agro-wastes.

• Symbiosis.

• Material Cycling.

• Gobargas (biogas).

• Soil Fertility.

• Biopesticides.

Explanation:

◉LET'S EXPLORE MORE

✯Bacteria Definition

“Bacteria are unicellular organisms belonging to the prokaryotic group where the organisms lack a few organelles and a true nucleus”.

✯Structure of Bacteria

The structure of bacteria is known for its simple body design. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms with the absence of the nucleus and other cell organelles; hence, they are classified as prokaryotic organisms.

They are also very versatile organisms, surviving in extremely inhospitable conditions. Such organisms are called extremophiles. Extremophiles are further categorized into various types based on the types of environments they inhabit:

• Thermophiles
• Acidophiles
• Alkaliphiles
• Osmophiles
• Barophiles
• Cryophiles

✯Classification of Bacteria

Bacteria can be classified into various categories based on their features and characteristics. The classification of bacteria is mainly based on the following:

• Shape
• Composition of the cell wall
• Mode of respiration
• Mode of nutrition

☆Classification of bacteria based on Shape

☞Type of Classification: Examples

Bacillus (Rod-shaped):Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Spirilla or spirochete (Spiral):Spirillum volutans

Coccus (Sphere):Streptococcus pneumoniae

Vibrio (Comma-shaped):Vibrio cholerae

☆Classification of bacteria based on the Composition of the Cell Wall

☞Type of Classification :Examples

Peptidoglycan cell wall:Gram-positive bacteria

Lipopolysaccharide cell wall: Gram-negative bacteria

☆Classification of bacteria based on the Mode of Nutrition

☞Type of Classification: Examples

Autotrophic Bacteria:Cyanobacteria

Heterotrophic Bacteria:All disease-causing bacteria

☆Classification of bacteria based on the Mode of Respiration

☞Type of Classification :Examples

Anaerobic Bacteria :Actinomyces

Aerobic Bacteria :Mycobacterium

✯Reproduction in Bacteria

Bacteria follow an asexual mode of reproduction, called binary fission. A single bacterium divides into two daughter cells. These are identical to the parent cell as well as to each other. Replication of DNA within parent bacterium marks the beginning of the fission. Eventually, cell elongates to form two daughter cells.

The rate and timing of reproduction depend upon the conditions like temperature and availability of nutrients. When there is a favourable condition, E.coli or Escherichia coli produces about 2 million bacteria every 7 hours.

Bacterial reproduction is strictly asexual, but it can undergo sexual reproduction in very rare cases.

Genetic recombination in bacteria has the potential to occur through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. In such cases, the bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics since there is variation in the genetic material (as opposed to asexual reproduction where the same genetic material is present in generations)

✯Useful Bacteria

Not all bacteria are harmful to humans. There are some bacteria which are beneficial in different ways. Listed below are few benefits of bacteria:

• Convert milk into curd – Lactobacillus or lactic acid bacteria

• Ferment food products – Streptococcus and Bacillus

• Help in digestion and improving the body’s immunity system – Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria

• Production of antibiotics, which is used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections – Soil bacteria

✯Harmful Bacteria

There are bacteria that can cause a multitude of illnesses. They are responsible for many of the infectious diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, diphtheria, syphilis, tooth decay. Their effects can be rectified by taking antibiotics and prescribed medication.

However, precaution is much more effective. Most of these disease-causing bacteria can be eliminated by sterilizing or disinfecting exposed surfaces, instruments, tools and other utilities. These methods include- application of heat, disinfectants, UV radiations, pasteurization, boiling, etc.