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Wʜᴇʀᴇ ᴏɴ ᴛʜᴇ sᴜʀғᴀᴄᴇ ᴏғ Eᴀʀᴛʜ ɪs ᴛʜᴇ ʜᴏʀɪᴢᴏɴᴛᴀʟ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏɴᴇɴᴛ ᴏғ Eᴀʀᴛʜ’s ᴍᴀɢɴᴇᴛɪᴄ ғɪᴇʟᴅ ᴢᴇʀᴏ?
Answers
Answer:
Horizontal Movements
Horizontal movements act on the earth’s crust from side to side i.e. horizontally or tangentially.
They cause a lot of disruption in the horizontal layer of strata.
These are known as horizontal or tangential movements.
These can be divided into two types:
[1] Forces of compression
[2] Forces of tension
Forces of compression: involve pushing of the rock strata against a hard plane from one side or from both sides.
The compressional forces lead to the bending of rock layers and thus lead to the formation of Fold Mountains.
In them, the rock strata primarily of sedimentary rocks get folded, into a wave-like structure.
The upfolds are called anticlines and downfold are called synclines.
When folding takes place on a gigantic scale, it represents the mountain building process.
Most of the great mountain chains of the world viz, the Himalaya, the Rockies, the Andes, the Alps and others of this sort have been formed by compressional forces resulting in mountain building on a large scale.
These are also called Orogenetic Movements.
Forces of tension: are produced when these forces are working horizontally in opposite directions i.e. away from a given plane or point.
Under the operation of intense tensional forces, the rock strata are broken or fractured.
As a result cracks and fractures develop.
The displacement of rocks upward or downward from their original position along such a fracture is termed as faulting.
The line along which displacement of the fractured rock strata takes place is called the fault line.
Likewise, the plane along which displacement of rock strata takes place is known as fault plane.
Faulting results in the formation of well-known relief features such as rift valleys and the block mountains.
A rift valley is formed by the sinking of rock strata lying between two almost parallel faults.
The classical examples of rift valleys in the world include the Midland Valley of Scotland, the Rhine Valley, the Valley of Nile, the Dead Sea basin and the Great Rift Valley of East Africa comprising few lakes of this region.
Some geographers are of the opinion that the Narmada and Tapti valleys are also rift valleys.
The coal deposits of the Damodar valley are said to be originally laid in a synclinal trough resembling a rift valley.
A rift valley is a trough with steep parallel walls along the fault lines.
Such a valley is also called a graben.
A rift valley may also be formed by upliftment of two blocks along the fault line.
These uplifted blocks are called horsts or block mountains.
The well-known examples of horsts are the Vosges and the Black forest mountains on both sides of Rhine rift valley and the Plateaus of Palestine and Trans Jordan.
The escarpments are the characteristic features of rift valleys and horsts.
They are very steep or have highly precipitous slopes in a continuous line facing one direction.
The escarpments of Western Ghats ones looking the Arabian Sea are thought to be the result of faulting.
The escarpments of Vindhyachal Mountain are also ascribed to the faulting and formation of narrow Narmada Valley.