Water is the importance of bacterian camel and Yak in hilly areas
Answers
Explanation:
Camilidae VHH Antibody
Members of the Camelidae family (i.e., Camelus dromedarius, Camelus bactrianus, Lama glama, Lama guanaco, Lama alpaca, and Lama vicugna) produce heavy chain-only antibodies (HCAbs), a type of antibody that lacks the first constant domain (Chapter 1) and light chains (Hamers-Casterman et al., 1993; Rahbarizadeh et al., 2011). The antigen-binding fragments of such HCAbs are composed in a single-domain, referred to as VHH (variable domain of llama heavy chain antibodies) or nanobody. Camelidae heavy chain antibodies are small (12–15 kDa), stable molecules with superior solubility and similar affinities as conventional antibodies (Harmsen and De Haard, 2007).
Camelidae heavy chain antibodies exhibit several advantages over conventional antibodies and derived fragments because they are markedly more acid- and heat-resistant than conventional antibodies, and because they are formed by a single polypeptide, they are easier to express in a functional recombinant form (Harmsen and De Haard, 2007; Vanlandschoot et al., 2011). These properties make them suitable for therapy at mucosal sites such as the gastrointestinal tract, where the acidic pH can limit the functionality of conventional antibodies. In addition, owing to their small size and naturally longer CDR3 regions, llama VHH antibody fragments are superior to conventional antibodies at accessing clefts such as active sites of enzymes and canyons on virus capsids (Lauwereys et al., 1998). Their small size also allows them to penetrate tissues and tumors more rapidly and deeply than mAbs. Camelidae heavy chain antibodies have low immunogenicity and are unlikely to exhibit untoward side effects during chronic application (Coppieters et al., 2006). Moreover, camel milk contains heavy chain antibodies and is regularly consumed in African/Arabic countries without adverse effects.
Camelidae heavy chain antibodies are usually generated by polymerase chain reaction cloning of the variable domain repertoire from blood, lymph nodes, or spleen cDNA obtained from immunized animals into a phage display vector. Large-scale production of VHH in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is highly efficient and results in the secretion of functional antibody fragments (VHH) in the growth medium (Frenken et al., 2000). Several VHH are currently being studied for use in various areas, including infectious diseases (Harmsen and De Haard, 2007). Camelidae heavy chain