What are antibiotics? Give examples.
Answers
A Very Interesting and Brainstorming question!
Antibiotics are molecular structures which can restrict and/or slow down the reproduction rate, growth and spreading of infection of microorganisms and microbials like bacterial cells and fungal components, excluding the viral cells and characteristics shown by viruses.
Antibiotics are primarily working under the basis of blockages in pathways for metabolic chemically attained reactions and the macro-molecular synthesis for energy production. There have been various research on antibiotic counter-resistance to evade the underlying mutations which develop resistances against certain antibiotics.
Moving more deep into the mechanism of stopping the growth of bacterial cells. One of the well known antibiotic is the wide range of Beta-lactam category containing the most used and effective agents like penicillin derived products, they work by suppressing the usual cellular structure present at the outermost wall, they do this by binding their molecular enzymatic structures called Penicillin Binding Proteins Inhibiting the formation of peptidoglycans via Penicillin molecules hence, preventing the connections at Penicillin Binding Proteins and changing the cellular content present in the cell wall.
In all it does inhibition of synthesis of cellular forming components in cell walls, synthesis for protein macromolecular components, synthesis of folate formations and lastly inhibits the synthesis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Ribonucleic Acid preventing the encoding of genetically embed patterns furthermore causing bacterial programmed intrinsic death, through the administration of antibiotics, for Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative bacterial components, respectively.
The new age era for an effective antibiotic to counter the ill effects of the bacterial cells, is seemingly impossible, but can be achievable by some efforts to introduce new types of antibiotics to counter the widespread call of an antibiotic resistance. Sulfonamides were currently deployed in the late age era of 1930s to prove itself as a good antibiotic it selectively concentrated on DHPS or fully known as Dihydropteroate Synthase eminently found in the acidic FAP routes or the Folic acid pathways, the resistance by bacterium varieties was found after 10 years of administration into the antibiotic market, it got a international resistance observance in the late 1940s, the enzymatic bindings were no longer proved to be effective, and it's efficacy still remains doubted, hence they're used only when it has not been found in the list of antibiotic resistance to certain categories of bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance, is simply a characteristic selective pressure in a natural environment, forcing to recur mutatory changes and transform into a mutant bacterial cell, developing a resistance to the frequently administered antibiotic. This solely depends upon population factors of bacterium enhancing the ability to regenerate and bring back the older population to the old frequently used antibiotic. This causes a eager need of a newer not-frequently used antibiotic to clear the effects and/or make neutrality of toxic effects, more possible. More the Number of Bacterium, more antibiotics introduced inside the body, either intravenously orally or by injections into venous channels, the lesser the chances are left to fully recover to a normal metabolic functioning human. Selectiveness is highly depended upon the way you encounter and administer the antibiotic, giving chances for retribution, to a recently formed bacterial cells to alter the genomic rearrangements and combinations, changing cellular structures and metabolic pathways, finally forming mutant bacteria. Older population of bacteria will quickly die of, since they're not in the form of a mutant bacteria, the recent mutants, will reproduce and continue the resistance to that particular antibiotic in just a tiny period of time.
The three generations of Cephalosporins are having the resistivity too, for a small category of bacterial cell. Due to it's higher antibiotic action effectiveness in Gram negative bacteria when compared to Benzylpenicillin or commonly referred as Penicillin G it's showing a lesser antibiotic effectivity in Gram-Negative Bacterial Cells. It's also noted that, if the patients are having antibiotic resistance to a wide range of Penicillin antibiotic components, Cephalosporin is considered as a better alternative. Mostly, a wide variety of bacteria are resistant to commonly and most frequently administered and recommended antibiotic components.
Antibiotics work by affecting things that bacterial cells have but human cells don't. For example, human cells do not have cell walls, while many types of bacteria do. The antibiotic penicillin works by keeping a bacterium from building a cell wall.