Question

what are chromosome.​

Answer 1

IN THE NUCLEUS of each cell , the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-liked Structures is called chromosomes......

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Answer 2

Answer:

• A chromosome is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle.

Explanation:

• In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure.
• Chromosomes are thread-like structures in which DNA is tightly packaged within the nucleus. DNA is coiled around proteins called histones, which provide the structural support. Chromosomes help ensure that DNA is replicated and distributed appropriately during cell division. Each chromosome has a centromere, which divides the chromosome into two sections – the p (short) arm and the q (long) arm. The centromere is located at the cell’s constriction point, which may or may not be the center of the chromosome.
• At the end of each chromosome is a repetitive nucleotide sequence cap called a telomere. In vertebrates, the telomere is a TTAGGG sequence repeated to approximately 15,000 base pairs. These DNA regions serve a critical role of preserving the genomic sequence by protecting the genome from degradation, and inhibiting chromosomal fusion and recombination. These regions are also involved in chromosome organization within the nucleus.
• In humans, 46 chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs, including 22 pairs of chromosomes called autosomes. Autosomes are labeled 1-22 for reference. Each chromosome pair consists of one chromosome inherited from the mother and one from the father.
• In addition to the 22 numbered autosomes, humans also have one pair of sex chromosomes called an allosome. Instead of labeling these chromosome pairs with numbers, allosomes are labeled with letters such as XX and XY. Females have two copies of the X chromosome (one inherited from the mother and one from the father). Males have one copy of the X chromosome (inherited from the mother) and one copy of the Y chromosome (inherited from the father).
• Arranged on the chromosomes are genes. Genes are made of DNA and contain the instructions for building proteins and are integral in making and maintaining the human body.

Locating a gene

• The cytogenetic location, a standardized way of describing a gene’s location on the chromosome, consists of a combination of numbers and letters and is made up of three components:
• Number or letter of the chromosome (1-23, X or Y)
• Arm of the chromosome (p or q)
• Position of the gene on the arm (cytogenetic bands). The position is dependent on the light and dark bands that appear on the chromosome when stained and is expressed as a two-digit number (one digit represents region and one represents band). Sometimes the digits are followed by a decimal point and one or more digits. These additional digits represent the distance from the centromere (increasing numeric value indicates farther distance from centromere). “Cen”, “ter”, and “tel” are also used to describe the position of the gene on the arm.

Chromosome vs. molecular locations

• Chromosome location, or cytogenetic location, is one way to describe the location of gene on a chromosome. Another way to identify the location of a gene is by using the molecular location. The sequencing of the base pairs describes the molecular location of the gene on a chromosome. The molecular location is more precise; however, small variations in the address may occur between research groups as a result of varying genome sequencing methods.
• For example, in humans, the chromosomal location of the EGFR gene is 7p12, while the molecular location is Chromosome 7, NC_000007.14 (base pairs 55,019,032 to 55,207,338).

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