Question

What are external frontier and internal frontier

Answer 1

Internal frontier of the empire refers to the areas included in the Sultanate as well as the hinterland of the garrison towns. Exterior frontier refers to the territories which were not conquered by the Sultans of Delhi.

Answer 2

Answer:

The first set of campaigns along the “internal frontier” of the Sultanate aimed at consolidating the hinterlands of the garrison towns. During these campaigns forests were cleared in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and hunter gatherers and pastoralists expelled from their habitat. These lands were given to peasants and agriculture was encouraged. New fortresses and towns were established to protect trade routes and to promote regional trade. The second expansion occurred along the “external frontier” of the Sultanate. Military expeditions into southern India started during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and culminated with Muhammad Tughluq. In their campaigns, Sultanate armies captured elephants, horses and slaves and carried away precious metals.

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