What are lateral appendages? Based on their presence and absence, write the various types of flagella giving at least one example for each type.
Answers
Bacterial flagella are long, thin (about 20 nm), whip like appendages that move the bacteria towards nutrients and other attractants. Flagella are free at one end and attached to the cell at the other end. Flagellum can never be seen directly with the light microscope but only after staining with special flagella stains that increase their diameter.
The long filament of flagella is composed of many subunits of a single protein, flagellin, arranged in several intertwined chains. The energy for movement, the proton motive force, is provided by ATP.
Most of the cocci (e.g. Staphylococci, Streptococci etc) don’t have flagella so they are non-motile.
Flagella are helical shaped structure which is composed of subunits of a protein called flagellin. The wider region at the base of the flagellum is called hook. It is different in structure than that of the filament. Hook connects filament to the motor portion of the flagellum called basal body.
Arrangement and Types of Bacterial Flagella The number and location of flagella are distinctive for each genus. There are four types of flagellar arrangement.
Monotrichous (Mono means one): Single polar flagellum e.g. Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter spp. (polar flagella often in pairs to give a “seagull” appearance).
Amphitrichous: Single flagellum at both ends e.g. Alcaligenes faecalis (Mneomonics: Remember: the characteristics of Amphibians: live both in land and water)
Lophotrichous: Tuft of flagella at one or both ends e.g. Spirilla spp
Peritrichous (flagella in periphery): Flagella surrounding the bacterial cell. All the members of family Enterobacteriaceae, if motile has peritrichous flagella. e.g. Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp (highly motile organism; shows swarming motility)
Functions of Bacterial Flagella
Many prokaryotes are motile, and the majority of motile prokaryotes moves by means of flagella.
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Lateral appendages literally mean 'limbs on the side'; otherwise something similar that are usually seen as projections on the sides of the body (of an animal or a plant).
Examples are flagella (bacteria), cilia (protozoans), etc.
Based on the presence and absence of flagella (in bacteria) and their number and location , the various types of flagella are:
1. Monotrichous - A single polar flagellum at one end of the cell. (Mono = one)
Example: Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter
2. Amphitrichous - A single flagellum at both ends. (amphi = both)
Example: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alkaligens faecalis
3. Lophotrichous - A tuft of flagella at one or both ends (lopho = tuft)
Example: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Spirillum
4. Peritrichous - Numerous flagella distributed all over the bacterial body (peri = around)
Example: Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi
Note: Atrichous bacteria do not possess a flagellum. (a = without/absent)
Example: Myxococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
The link below will provide you with some related information.
What is the difference between flagella, cilia and tentacles?
https://brainly.in/question/6103159
