What are polar and non polar substances
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Polar and non-polar completely depend on the electrostatics of the molecule itself.
Say a bond is formed between S and O then during bond formation electrodynamics and local electric fields in the approaching radius of both atoms will be actively playing roles in order to shift electrons from or covalently between the atoms.But because of the electronic nature of atoms themselves and their intrinsic spin angular momentum Oxygen will have a higher tendency to withdraw electrons to pair its hybrid unpaired electron orbitals.Thus forming a bond where the electron cloud is huddled up near the Oxygen atom.Such type of huddling of the electron cloud near an atom or an atom in a group or a group as a whole gives rise to the phenomena of Polarization hence SO2 is a polar molecule.
This phenomena is irrelevant when two approaching atoms have similar sping angular momenta of electrons in their hybridized or unhybridized Page on orbitals.so basically what happens is that the electron cloud(probability distribution in a MO) is generally even in all regions between the two atoms giving rise to an apolar molecule or non polar molecule thus CH4 is non-polar(slight polarization lies towards Hydrogen however,it is prominent in reaction kinetics studies of reactions with Group I metals)
Moral of the story-If there is a good electronegativity difference between two reacting atoms or groups which is easily determined by state of hybridization and principle quantum numbers of the reacting atomic orbitals,then we get a polar molecule.Otherwise it is non-polar.
REMEMBER THIS CONCEPT APPLIES TO COVALENT COMPOUNDS OR TO COORDINTATE COMPOUNDS AT MOST.IONIC COMPOUNDS ARE "IONIC" AND HENCE THEY HAVE IONS...please dont confuse them with polar covalent molecules which is the main topic of this question. :D
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Say a bond is formed between S and O then during bond formation electrodynamics and local electric fields in the approaching radius of both atoms will be actively playing roles in order to shift electrons from or covalently between the atoms.But because of the electronic nature of atoms themselves and their intrinsic spin angular momentum Oxygen will have a higher tendency to withdraw electrons to pair its hybrid unpaired electron orbitals.Thus forming a bond where the electron cloud is huddled up near the Oxygen atom.Such type of huddling of the electron cloud near an atom or an atom in a group or a group as a whole gives rise to the phenomena of Polarization hence SO2 is a polar molecule.
This phenomena is irrelevant when two approaching atoms have similar sping angular momenta of electrons in their hybridized or unhybridized Page on orbitals.so basically what happens is that the electron cloud(probability distribution in a MO) is generally even in all regions between the two atoms giving rise to an apolar molecule or non polar molecule thus CH4 is non-polar(slight polarization lies towards Hydrogen however,it is prominent in reaction kinetics studies of reactions with Group I metals)
Moral of the story-If there is a good electronegativity difference between two reacting atoms or groups which is easily determined by state of hybridization and principle quantum numbers of the reacting atomic orbitals,then we get a polar molecule.Otherwise it is non-polar.
REMEMBER THIS CONCEPT APPLIES TO COVALENT COMPOUNDS OR TO COORDINTATE COMPOUNDS AT MOST.IONIC COMPOUNDS ARE "IONIC" AND HENCE THEY HAVE IONS...please dont confuse them with polar covalent molecules which is the main topic of this question. :D
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Polar compounds have negative charge at one end and positive charge at another end such as in water whereas in non polar compounds no specific charge is present or no dipole moment such as in methane and benzene.
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