Question

What are the
are the major
Soil Formation?
What is Biosphere
the major factor of​

Answer 1

Answer:

Parent materials

Soil minerals form the basis of soil. They are produced from rocks (parent material) through the processes of weathering and natural erosion. ... For example, soils formed from granite are often sandy and infertile whereas basalt under moist conditions breaks down to form fertile, clay soils.

Biosphere is everything about life on earth. It is the place where humans, animals, plants, microorganisms live and interact with each other. Nature has sustained and balanced such a vast variety of life forms for millions of years with the help of check points

Answer 2

Answer:

Soil Formation

Soil formation involves two major processes: (1) slow chemical alteration by water seeping through the weathered rock material after rains and (2) mixing of the rock material with organic debris produced by the decay of plants.

Daniel Hillel, in Soil in the Environment, 2008

Topography

A fourth factor of soil formation is the configuration of the landscape; i.e., the topography of the area in which the soil develops.

Topography affects soil formation in various ways. Where the land is flat, the processes of energy exchange and of water inflow and release tend to be vertical, so the soil develops to a characteristic depth. In contrast, where the land slopes steeply, a considerable portion of the rainfall flows downslope over the surface (a phenomenon called runoff), often scouring the surface and causing erosion. Consequently, the soils on sloping ground tend to be shallower and drier that those situated on plateaus or in valleys.

The water shed from the sloping ground brings more moisture and deposits additional sediment in the valleys, or bottomlands. Valley soils may even accumulate shallow groundwater due to impeded drainage, and consequently be poorly aerated.

The soils that form in sequential sections of the landscape tend to differ in microclimatic conditions, although they are located in the same macroclimate zone and on similar parent material. The succession of such soils—from plateau or hilltop to slope to hill bottom to valley—is called a toposequence, or catena (from the Latin word suggesting “a chain”).