Question

what are the challenges to the internal security of india ? mention any two

Answer 1

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The Maoists’ nexus with the other extremist organizations has added to the complexity of the problem. The PW (People’s War) cadres received training in the handling of weapons and IEDs from ex-members of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Besides, they have entente cordiale with the NSCN (IM). Some batches of Naxals received arms training from the ULFA. Besides, the Communist Party of India (Maoist) has fraternal relations with the Communist Party of Nepal. Pakistan’s ISI is also trying to reach out to the Maoists.

The Maoist problem requires a comprehensive approach with emphasis on the following aspects:

The development paradigm pursued since independence, the benefits of which have been disproportionately cornered by the dominant sections at the expense of the poor and which has aggravated the prevailing discontent among marginalised sections of society, deserves to be given a second look and reviewed.
The PLGA will have to be neutralised through sustained counter-insurgency operations. It must, however, be ensured that there is minimum collateral damage.
Socio-economic development of the areas affected will need to be ensured through sincere implementation of the plans.
The grievance redressal machinery will need to be activated at different levels. Justice must be seen to be delivered.
Land alienated from tribals must be restored to them
Tribals’ rights over forests must be recognized. The provisions of the Forest Rights Act should be enforced.
There should be genuine attempt to win the hearts and minds of the people.
The door for peace talks should always be kept open.
Illegal Migrations
One of the biggest problems facing India and having a direct bearing on the country’s economy and security is that of the continuing illegal migration of Bangladeshis into India.

The factors which have been encouraging the influx from Bangladesh side are:

steep rise in population with increasing pressure on land and mounting unemployment,
recurrent natural disasters like floods and cyclones, uprooting large segments of humanity,
better economic opportunities in India,
religious persecution of Hindus and discrimination of tribals,
Islamic interests encouraging expansion of territory, organized immigration by touts and anti-social elements, and porous and easily negotiable international borders.

The bulk of the Bangladeshi immigrants are in the states of Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Delhi and the north-eastern states.

The Supreme Court of India, in a landmark judgment (July 2005), while repealing the notorious The Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal ) (IMDT) Act, observed that “there can be no manner of doubt that the State of Assam is facing ‘external aggression and internal disturbance’ on account of large scale illegal migration of Bangladeshi nationals” and directed the Union of India “to take all measures for protection of the State of Assam from such external aggression and internal disturbance as enjoined in Article 355 of the Constitution”.

According to Myron Weiner, the global immigration crisis should not, and cannot, be ignored, specifically because it presents serious challenges to states and the preservation of human rights.

There are three possible options :

Accommodation Control– It involves expanding the level of legal immigration and accepting a chunk of the illegal immigrants. This option is based on the neo-classical economics, which argues that economic benefits accrue from the free movement of the factors of production.
Greater Border Control– This would involve increasing the deployment of police and paramilitary forces to effectively check trans-border movements. Besides, physical barriers like border security fencing may also be erected to prevent unauthorized movements of people from either side. Identity cards could be issued to the citizens so that the detection of illegal immigrants becomes easier.
Intervention– This involves changing the economic, political and social factors in the sending countries which lead to migrations. Such efforts have been made in a number of countries. Somalia, the former Yugoslavia, and Haiti, are three prominent examples. Economic assistance, coercive diplomacy, sanctions, and military interventions are the possible tools.