what are the characteristics of the parachute fabric
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Answer:
Background
A parachute is a device used to slow the movement of a person or object as it falls or moves through the air. Used primarily for safe descent from high altitudes (e.g., a spacecraft reentering the atmosphere, a person or object dropped from an airplane), parachutes can also be used in horizontal configurations to slow objects like race cars that have finished their runs.
There are two basic types of parachutes. One is a dome canopy made of fabric in a shape that ranges from a hemisphere to a cone; the canopy traps air inside its envelope, creating a region of high pressure that retards movement in the direction opposite the entering air flow. The other is a rectangular parafoil, or ram-air canopy, consisting of a series of tubular cells; commonly used by sport jumpers, the parafoil acts as a wing, allowing the jumper to "fly" toward a target. Either type of parachute weighs less than 15 lb (7 kg) and costs from $1,200-$ 1,500.
In addition to the fabric canopy, a parachute designed to be used by a person must be equipped with a harness that is worn by the user. Attached to the harness is a container that holds the canopy; often this is a back-pack, but it can also extend low enough for the user to sit on it. There is an actuation device that opens the container and releases the canopy for use; one of the most common actuation devices is a ripcord. When the container is opened, a small pilot chute about 3 ft (1 m) in diameter is pulled out, either by a spring mechanism or by hand. This pilot chute, in turn, pulls the main canopy from the container. Some type of deployment device, such as a fabric sleeve, is used to slow the opening of the canopy so that the suspension lines will have time to straighten. A gradual opening of the canopy also reduces the shock to the equipment and the user that a more sudden opening would cause.
History
There is some evidence that rigid, umbrella-like parachutes were used for entertainment in China as early as the twelfth century, allowing people to jump from high places and float to the ground. The first recorded design for a parachute was drawn by Leonardo da Vinci in 1495. It consisted of a pyramid-shaped, linen canopy held open by a square, wooden frame. It was proposed as an escape device to allow people to jump from a burning building, but there is no evidence that it was ever tested.
Parachute development really began in the eighteenth century. In 1783 Louis-Sebastien Lenormand, a French physicist, jumped from a tree while holding two parasols. Two years later, J. P. Blanchard, another Frenchman, used silk to make the first parachute that was not held open by a rigid frame. There is some evidence that he used the device to jump from a hot air balloon.
There is extensive evidence that Andre Jacques Garnerin made numerous parachute jumps from hot air balloons, beginning in 1797. His first jump, in Paris, was from an altitude of at least 2,000 ft (600 m). In 1802, he jumped from an altitude of 8,000 ft (2,400 m); he rode in a basket attached to a wooden pole that extended downward from the apex (top) of the canopy, which was made of either silk or canvas. The parachute assembly weighed about 100 lb (45 kg). During the descent, the canopy oscillated so wildly that Garnerin became airsick. In fact, he was once quoted as saying that he "usually experienced [painful vomiting] for several hours after a descent in a parachute." In 1804, French scientist Joseph Lelandes introduced the apex vent—a circular hole in the center of the canopy—and thus eliminated the troublesome oscillations.
Americans became involved in parachute development in 1901 when Charles Broadwick designed a parachute pack that was laced together with a cord. When the parachutist jumped, a line connecting the cord with the aircraft caused the cord to break, opening the pack and pulling out the parachute. In 1912, Captain Albert Berry of the U.S. Army accomplished the first parachute jump from a moving airplane. Parachutes did not become standard equipment for American military pilots until after World War I (German pilots used them during the final year of that war).
Parachutes were widely used during World War II, not only as life-saving devices for pilots, but also for troop deployment. In 1944, an American named Frank Derry patented a design that placed slots in the outer edge of the canop.
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Parachutes are usually made out of light, strong cloth, originally silk, most commonly nylon. Properties of Parachute Fabric: In addition to the structural analysis of the cloth, the properties measured are weight, breaking strength, tear resistance, elasticity, and air permeability.
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