Question

what are the classification of carbohydrates

Answer 1

On the basis of the number of forming units, three major classes of carbohydrates can be defined: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.the term “saccharide” derives from the greek word “sakcharon”, which means sugar.

On the basis of their degree of polymerization, they can be classified as:

simple: mono- and disaccharides (also known as “sugars”) and tri- and tetrasaccharides (oligosaccharides);
complex: the polysaccharides.

Answer 2

• Carbohydrates are macronutrients and are one of the three main ways by which our body obtains its energy.
• They are called carbohydrates as they comprise carbon, hydrogen and oxygen at their chemical level. Carbohydrates are essential nutrients which include sugars, fibers and starches.
• They are found in grains, vegetables, fruits and in milk and other dairy products. They are the basic food groups which play an important role in a healthy life.
• The food containing carbohydrates are converted into glucose or blood sugar during the process of digestion by the digestive system.
• Our body utilizes this sugar as a source of energy for the cells, organs and tissues. The extra amount of energy or sugar is stored in our muscles and liver for further requirement.
• The term ‘carbohydrate’ is derived from a French term ‘hydrate de carbone‘ meaning ‘hydrate of carbon‘. The general formula of this class of organic compounds is $\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{n}}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{\mathrm{n}}$.

Classification of Carbohydrates:

• The carbohydrates are further classified into simple and complex which is mainly based on their chemical structure and degree of polymerization.

Simple Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides):

• Simple carbohydrates have one or two sugar molecules. In simple carbohydrates, molecules are digested and converted quickly resulting in a rise in the blood sugar levels.
• They are abundantly found in milk products, beer, fruits, refined sugars, candies, etc. These carbohydrates are called empty calories, as they do not possess fiber, vitamins and minerals.
• Plants, being producers, synthesize glucose $\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right)$ using raw materials like carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight.
• This process of photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy.
• Consumers feed on plants and harvest energy stored in the bonds of the compounds synthesized by plants.

1. Monosaccharides;

• Glucose is an example of a carbohydrate monomer or monosaccharide. Other examples of monosaccharides include mannose, galactose, fructose, etc.

The structural organization of monosaccharides is as follows:

Monosaccharides may be further classified depending on the number of carbon atoms:

(i)Trioses $(C3H6O3)$:

• These have three carbon atoms per molecule.
• Example: Glyceraldehyde

(ii)Tetroses (C4H6O4):

• These monosaccharides have four carbon atoms per molecule.
• Example: Erythrose.

Similarly, we have:

(iii) Pentoses.

(iv) Hexoses.

(v) Heptoses.

2. Disaccharides:

• Two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide.
• Examples of carbohydrates having two monomers include Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, etc.

3. Oligosaccharides:

• Carbohydrates formed by the condensation of 2-9 monomers are called oligosaccharides.
• By this convention, trioses, pentoses, hexoses are all oligosaccharides.

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