Question

What are the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the 19th century in Europe?

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Answer 1

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(i) The absence of freedom of markets. (ii) State-imposed restriction on movement of goods and capital. (iii) Time-consuming calculations resulting from a difference in currency, weight, and measurement. (iv) The first half of the 19th century had low explosive population growth.

(v) Job-seekers were more and employment opportunities were less. (vi) Small producers faced stiff competition from import of cheap machine-made goods. (vii) Peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues.

Answer 2

Answer:

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Tundra vegetation, made up of lichens and mosses, occupies a relatively narrow zone in Iceland and the extreme northern portions of Russia and Scandinavia, although that zone is continued southward in the mountains of Norway. Vegetation of a similar kind occurs at elevations of 5,000 to 6,000 feet (1,500 to 1,800 metres) in the Alps and the northern Urals.