What are the differences between pre-independence India and post-independence India?
Answers
Answer:
Pre -independence means before 15 Aug,1947. Post-independence means after 15 Aug, 1947. For Eg :- Kargil war is post Independence and First war for independence which is Paika rebellion {1817} is pre independence.
Answer:
What is the difference between the pre-independence and post-independence iron and steel industries in India?
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Praveer Agrawal
Answered 7 years ago
Indians were familiar with iron and steel during the Vedic age more than 4,000 years ago. It is evident from the Iorn Pillar at the outskirts of Delhi. But the seeds of modern steel industry were sown by Sir Jamshedji Tata in 1907 when Tata Iron & Steel Company Ltd. (TISCO) was set up. The first steel ingots were rolled in TISCO in 1911. This was followed by the establishment of the Mysore Iron and Steel Works in 1936, later renamed as Visvesvaraya Iron & Steel Works. Three years later in 1939, production of steel started in another private steel company, the Indian Iron & Steel Company, now a subsidiary of the Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL). Thus, at the time of independence, India possessed a small but viable steel industry with an annual capacity of 1.3 million tonnes. In 1951, finished steel production in India was 1.1 million tonnes.
Growth
In the era of planned economy, iron and steel, a core and basic sector, received the full attention of the Government. It became a key sector for public investment for the first Five Year Plan itself. The year 1953 saw the first agreement being signed with the Germans to establish a 1 million tonne plant at Rourkela in Orissa. Two more agreements for setting up steel plants, at Bhilai with the erstwhile USSR’s assistance and another at Durgapur with the help of U.K. were signed in 1956. Successive capacity augmentations at Bhilai, Durgapur and Rourkela saw their capacity increase to 2.5, 1.6 and 1.8 million tonnes per annum respectively by the end of the 60s.
A new plant at Bokaro with a capacity of 2.5 million tonnes per annum went into production in 1973-74. The year 1978 witnessed a major restructuring of these steel-making public sector units giving birth to the public sector giant, SAIL, having a "Navaratna" status today, with an aggregate capacity of over 10 million tonnes. The first shore-based public sector integrated steel plant, viz. The Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited of 3 million tonnes per annum capacity went into production in August, 1992.
During the first two decades of planned economic development, i.e. 1950-60 and 1960-70, the average annual growth rate of steel production exceeded 8 per cent. During 1970-80, this growth rate in steel production came down to 5.7 per cent per annum and gathered up marginally to 6.4 per cent per annum during 1980-90.
Until the 1990s the iron and steel sector was by and large the exclusive preserve of only the public sector, the sole exception being TISCO. The new economic policy announced in 1991 was no doubt a significant milestone in the evolution of the Indian economy. The process of the economic reforms ushered in substantial liberalisation of the policies and institutions governing trade, industry and finance. With this the complexion of Indian iron and steel industry has undergone a sea change.
Iron and steel industry became one of the foremost sectors to be opened under the New Economic Policy. Substantial private investments flowed in with the consequent changes heralding a new beginning for the interplay of free market enterprise in this vital sector.
Changes
A glance at the pre-and post-1991 era reveals some interesting and significant structural changes. At the consumer or demand end, the market for steel has been transformed from a seller to a buyer market. Control and regulation have been replaced by competition. Administered prices have been replaced by supply-and demand-determined market prices. In the post-liberalisation era, the structure of the steel industry is significantly and vastly different with the advent of major steel producers in the private sector which have come up with the world class technologies and capacities.
There has been a clear shift towards the selection of the product mix. During the pre-1991 era, the private sector was mainly confined to the production of long products. The only producer of hot-rolled flat products was SAIL in the public sector. Now there are 5 additional major producers of flat products of steel in the private sector