What are the effect and conclusion of spoilage landscape???
Answers
Explanation:
Antimicrobials are important tools that are integral to our complex food system. Antimicrobials (e.g., antibiotics and other substances that act against microorganisms) provide for high quality or good physical condition of crops and good health of food animals entering the food chain.
The availability of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases has radically improved human and animal well-being. Paradoxically, this very success threatens their future utility. Both the prudent and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human medicine, veterinary medicine, and animal husbandry create selective pressure that favors the emergence of antibioticresistant microbes. Coupled with specific genetic resistance mechanisms, the selective pressure of antimicrobials may result in foodborne bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials.
Antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens are a subset of foodborne pathogens, any of which may cause illness. Antibiotic-resistant intestinal bacteria may be present in food animals, irregardless of exposure of the animals to an antibiotic. The types of bacteria, their resistance profiles, and prevalence vary from animal to animal and species to species. In spite of the best efforts to prevent or eliminate them, some antibiotic-resistant bacteria contaminate carcasses, as do antibiotic susceptible bacteria. Interventions that effectively reduce the prevalence of foodborne pathogens also reduce the prevalence of those that are resistant to antibiotics.
Risk management strategies to minimize and contain antibiotic-resistant foodborne bacteria are in place all along the food chain, but can be improved. The strategies that have been implemented include use of various antibiotic alternatives, implementation of judicious or prudent antibiotic use guidelines, and implementation of national resistance monitoring programs.
Although there are concerns with antibiotics entering the animal production environment through manure or other waste streams, more information is needed to better understand the situation to implement effective control strategies. Very little is known about the exposure routes of antimicrobials in the environment and the fate of antimicrobials within ecosystems; environmental impacts are not completely understood. Current evidence suggests that it is not likely that antimicrobials in manure will pose any direct risk to soil microbiota. However, it is not yet possible to exclude other indirect effects on soil microbiota and ecosystems that are driven by changes in the microbial community from the presence of antibiotics. Environmental research is in its infancy, currently able to simply identify whether a hazard exists and is not yet able to measure impact. Although bacteria may be exposed to an antibiotic for an extended period of time, on the farm or in humans, bacterial exposure to food antimicrobials (e.g., sanitizers) generally occurs only once. The prevalence and mechanism of resistance among most food-use antimicrobial compounds is often unknown. When it occurs, resistance to food antimicrobials is of little practical relevance to the food industry because the antimicrobial concentrations used in food manufacturing are well above the low levels to which bacteria exhibit resistance. However, the ability of some sanitizers and disinfectants to induce multiple drug resistance pumps, which also confer antibiotic resistance, is of some concern.
The impact on human health of bacterial pathogen resistance to food antimicrobials is not fully understood. Although some studies have suggested that in certain situations (sublethal use, overuse, biofilms, and cross-resistance mechanisms, for example) the potential for negative impact on public health exists, resistance to food antimicrobials is not considered a major public health concern because the resistance mechanisms are often temporary adaptations. To date, the use in foods of chemical and biological antimicrobials and physical preservation systems has been remarkably successful in providing safe foods and has not been compromised by the occurrence of resistant microorganisms. In addressing quality and safety, traditional and naturally-occurring food antimicrobials are increasingly applied as multiple, synergistic hurdles to inactivate or inhibit growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. The use of multiple hurdles in food manufacturing is likely to combat resistance to singular food safety interventions.
At present there is little evidence of an impact on human health of use of antibiotics in plant production. Similarly, ingestion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from aquaculture and contact with animals, including pets, does not appear to comprise a significant threat to human health.