What are the environmental issues related to Antarctica?
Answers
1 - Climate change / Global warming, resulting in a warming of the sea and loss of sea ice and land-based ice, this is greatest long-term threat to the region. Already some ice shelves have collapsed and ice slopes and glaciers have retreated. Oceanic acidification (from extra dissolved carbon dioxide) is already leading to the loss of some marine snails thought to have a significant part to play in the oceanic carbon cycle. The breeding populations and ranges of some penguin species have been altered.
2 - Fishing, both legal and illegal. The world's oceans are over-fished, the chances are that if investments into the kinds of boats and fishing gear needed for Antarctica are made, then it too will suffer this same fate. Fishing for krill could be particularly significant as these are at the bottom of many Antarctic food chains. There are already illegal fishing boats that ignore current regulations.
3 - Invasive species. Organisms that are not native to Antarctica are being taken there on ships, attached as seeds to boots and clothing. Some of these are now able to survive there as a consequence of global warming. Rats in particular are a potential threat to Antarctica's ground nesting birds on sub-Antarctic islands which are particularly vulnerable as there are no native ground based predators for them to be experienced in defending themselves against.
In a piece of positive news, the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia was declared rat and mouse free in early 2018, 250 years after they were first accidentally introduced by passing ships. Ground nesting native birds long since banished to a few outlying islands the rats could not reach, have already been seen to return to the main island in what was the world's biggest project of its kind.
4 - Tourism, with the accompanying pollutants that accompany ships and aircraft, the possibility of oil spills and the effects of lots of people and infrastructure on wildlife and the wider environment.
5 - Pollution, CFC's and other ozone depletors are responsible for the ozone hole that has appeared over Antarctica for over 30 years, chemicals produced thousands of miles away are found in Antarctic ice and in the body's of wildlife. Discarded equipment, chemicals and oil can degrade the landscape. Fishing nets, plastic, lines, hooks etc. carried by the sea can result in great suffering or loss of life by birds, fish and marine mammals.
7 - Exploration and exploitation of mineral reserves, oil and gas. Not currently economically viable, but as the need becomes greater and as technology advances, this will become an increasing threat. The Antarctic Treaty bans all mining and mineral exploitation indefinitely, though this comes up for review in 2048 (in other words, it isn't really banned indefinitely at all).
8 - Direct impacts associated with the development of infrastructure for scientific bases and programmes. The construction of buildings and related facilities such as roads, fuel storage, runways etc.
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The environmental issues related to Antarctica are as follows:
1. The most notable issues related to Antarctica are, a dangerous atmospheric deviation, ozone consumption and worldwide tainting brought about by the use of innovation.
2. Progressively confined, yet at the same time with the possibility to cause district wide impacts, are the effects of fishing and hunting the fauna population of the place.
3. Mining is strictly prohibited in Antarctica as per the Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty (known as the Madrid Protocol).
4. The last but the most crucial problem is human invasion in terms of tours or adventure.