Question

what are the exogional and depositional made by running and groundwater​

Answer 1

Explanation:

Valleys, Gorges, Canyon As we discussed above, valleys are formed as a result of running water. The rills which are formed by the overland flow of water later develop into gullies. These gullies gradually deepen and widen to form valleys. A gorge is a deep valley with very steep to straight sides.

Answer 2

Explanation:

Even though we are considering the erosional and depositional activities and their landform creation, it should be kept in mind that they are always aided by weathering and mass movements. There are some other independent controls like (i) stability of sea level; (ii) tectonic stability of landmass; (iii) climate etc. which influence the evolution of these landforms.

What does Running Water do?

Running water, which doesn’t need any further explanation, has two components: one is overland flow on the general land surface as a sheet and the other is linear flow as streams and rivers in valleys.

The overland flow causes sheet erosion and depending upon the irregularities of the land surface, the overland flow may concentrate into narrow to wide paths.

During the sheet erosion, minor or major quantities of materials from the surface of the land are removed in the direction of flow and gradual small and narrow rills will form.

These rills will gradually develop into long and wide gullies, the gullies will further deepen, widen and lengthen and unite to give rise to a network of valleys. (Note: A valley can be formed in various ways like faulting, but here we are dealing only with the formation by means of exogenic geomorphic agent).

Once a valley is formed, it later develops into a stream or river.

Courses of  a river

A river, which is the best example of the linear flow of running water through a valley, can be divided into three, on the basis of its course – upper course, middle course and lower course.

Upper Course / Stage of Youth (Erosion dominates):

It starts from the source of the river in hilly or mountainous areas.

The river flows down the steep slope and, as a result, its velocity and eroding power are at their maximum.

Streams are few, with poor integration.

As the river flows down with high velocity, vertical erosion or downward cutting will be high which results in the formation of V-Shaped Valleys.

Waterfalls, rapids, and gorges exist where the local hard rock bodies are exposed.

What does Groundwater do?

The part of rain or snow-melt water which accumulates in the rocks after seeping through the surface is called underground water or simply groundwater.

The rocks through which water can pass easily are called as permeable rocks while the rocks which do not allow water to pass are called as impermeable rocks.

After vertically going down to some depth, the water under the ground flows horizontally through the bedding planes, joints or through the materials themselves.

Although the amount of groundwater varies from place to place, its role in shaping the surface features of the earth is quite important.

The works of groundwater are mainly seen in rocks like limestone, gypsum or dolomite which are rich in calcium carbonate.

Any limestone, dolomite or gypsum region showing typical landforms produced by the action of groundwater through the process of solution and deposition is called as Karst Topography (Karst region in the Balkans)

The zones or horizons of permeable and porous rocks which are fully filled with water are called as the Zones of Saturation.

The marks which show the upper surface of these saturated zones of the groundwater are called as the Water Tables.

And these rocks, which are filled with underground water, are called as aquifers.

The water table is generally higher in the areas of high precipitation and also in areas bordering rivers and lakes.

They also vary according to seasons. On the basis of variability, water tables are of two types: (i) Permanent water table, in which the water will never fall below a certain level and wells dug up to this depth provide water in all seasons; (ii) Temporary water tables, which are seasonal water tables.

Springs: They are the surface outflow of groundwater through an opening in a rock under hydraulic pressure.

When such springs emit hot water, they are called as Hot Springs. They generally occur in areas of active or recent volcanism.

When a spring emits hot water and steam in the form of fountains or jets at regular intervals, they are called as geysers.

In a geyser, the period between two emissions is sometimes regular (Yellowstone National Park of USA is the best example).