What are the mode of infection and preventive measures for following diseases:
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Leprosy is endemic in several regions of the world. Currently the only protection has come from vaccination with BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin), a single dose of which gives 50 percent or higher protection against the disease. BCG is a component of the Expanded Program on Immunization and confers some degree of protection against tuberculosis, which is caused by a mycobacterium allied to M. leprae.
For this reason, BCG vaccination is used routinely in childhood in countries where leprosy is endemic, as well as for the household contacts of diagnosed leprosy patients. When the individual has developed a scar following the first vaccination, a second dose of BCG confers 50 percent protection in addition to that resulting from the first dose.
It has become the most widely used vaccine in the world, yet the degree of protection it confers is still controversial. The meta-analysis of several experimental studies concludes that on average, 26 percent protection against leprosy is afforded by the vaccine. The protection level goes down over time. When more than one dose of vaccine is used, better protection is offered.
It has been suggested that BCG vaccination causes the host immune system to undergo alterations which, in turn, leads to different levels of protection against multibacillary and paucibacillary forms of leprosy. Higher cellular immunity may be associated with more cases of paucibacillary disease.For this reason, BCG vaccination is used routinely in childhood in countries where leprosy is endemic, as well as for the household contacts of diagnosed leprosy patients. When the individual has developed a scar following the first vaccination, a second dose of BCG confers 50 percent protection in addition to that resulting from the first dose.
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