What are the physical and chemical biological factors of the soil
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Soil biology and the biological micro-environment
Organic matter, microscopic and macroscopic organisms (e.g., fungal hyphae and invertebrates), detritus from fungi and animals, and bacteria, and biological exudates, all assist in stabilizing soil structure. The role of each part of the biomass differs according to its size (Figure 22). Broadly, large aggregates greater than 250 m m diameter (macro-aggregates), are stabilized by their inherent physical structure (Chapter 2), wetting and drying cycles, and organic matter. Micro-aggregates (< 250 m m) are stabilized by live or dead roots, fungi, invertebrates and micro-organisms .
The populations of soil organisms of all sizes are linked functionally through their roles in the degradation of various forms of organic material. The latter includes live and dead plant material and other live or dead organisms. A schematic food web . This shows that animals such as nematodes and some fungi feed directly on live plants while other fungi and bacteria feed predominantly on litter.
Earthworms and other large invertebrates create, and inhabit, burrows and pores, and are very mobile. The most notable of these are termites, which are divided into three groups according to the structure of their nests: those that build mounds (a) above ground, (b) on the soil surface, and (c) below ground. Small arthropods, microfauna and fungi live mostly in larger voids and in association with roots. Foster (1988) reviewed the location of the various types of soil-dwelling organisms and found that fungi, which constitute about 80% of the biomass in many soils, tend to be restricted to the rhizosphere of roots, to larger pores between aggregates and to the surface of aggregates. Bacteria, by contrast, are found on roots in the rhizosphere, in small colonies in the larger micropores, within aggregates and on and within cell debris. For more information on location refer to Foster (1988). Smiles (1988) describes the physics of the micro-environment of small soil organisms.
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