Question

what are the sign or manifestation of globalization

Answer 1

The ongoing globalisation of science has undisputedly a major impact on how and where scientific
research is being conducted nowadays. Yet, the big picture remains blurred. It is largely unknown
where this process is heading, and at which rate. Which countries are leading or lagging? Many of its
key features are difficult if not impossible to capture in measurements and comparative statistics. Our
empirical study measures the extent and growth of scientific globalisation in terms of physical
distances between co-authoring researchers. Our analysis, drawing on 21 million research publications
across all countries and fields of science, reveals that contemporary science has globalised at a fairly
steady rate during recent decades. The average collaboration distance per publication has increased
from 334 kilometres in 1980 to 1553 in 2009. Despite significant differences in globalisation rates
across countries and fields of science, we observe a pervasive process in motion, moving towards a
truly interconnected global science system.