Question

what are the technological and institutional reforms. ClassX geography ​

Answer 1

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• Consolidation of land holdings
• Abolition of Zamindari
• Introduction of Green and white revolutions
• Insurance of crops against natural calamities
• Introduction of MSP {Minimum Support Price}
• Kisaan Credit cards given to farmers
• Co-operative sectors and banks to give loans at cheap rates
• Weather bulletins and agricultural programs introduced in T.V and radio

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Answer 2

Agriculture is considered to be the backbone of India with two-third of population being dependent on it. Since agriculture provides livelihood to more than 60% of its population  certain technical and institutional reforms have been introduced which have brought the following benefits to the farmers:

a. In realising the importance of agriculture government introduced number of Land Reforms which was the main focus of first five year plans like abolition of zamindari,. Such reforms have prevented the exploitation of farmers in the hands of the zamindars and most importantly have recognised right to the actual tiller.
b. Likewise, collectivisation of land, cooperation have helped small farmers to enhance their production.
 c. Likewise in 1960’s and 70’s government focused on green revolution green revolution which involved use of HYV of seeds , pesticides, fertilzers  which  helped in increasing food production
d. Green revolution brought about increase in Food grain production  from 82.0 million tonnes to 201..6 million tonnes. States like Punjab, Haryana excessively benefited from it.The expansion in production made farmers approach market and sell surplus in the market.​
e. Creation of dams and various multi purpose projects have helped in meeting irrigation needs of the farmers.
f. Schemes like Kissan Credit Card or providing minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops were also initiated by the government  which provided required financial assistance, cheap loans to the farmers. 
g. Policies like crop Insuarance , establishment of grameen banks, coopaertive societies ahve been providing loans to farmers at low interest rate.
h. In an effort to increase agriculture’s share to the national economy government has made concerted efforts to modernize it. Like, establishment of Indian council of Agricultural research, agricultural universities, horticulture development etc.
i. Agrarian help line services have also been introduced to provide assistance to farmers.


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