what are the types of federal system
Answers
Answer:
Federalism describes how governing power is shared between a central government (or “federal” government) and regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system.
Dual Federalism (Big Government Federalism) is the idea that the union and states share power, but that a central Federal Government holds more power than the individual states. This is a more classically conservative form that can ensure cohesive policy between states due to the fact that it can dictate state policy to some extent.
Cooperative Federalism (Small Government “States’ Rights” Federalism) is the idea that the federal government and the state government share power equally. This is a more classically liberal form that allows for a wide range of differences between states. This form generally sacrifices some classical conservative central control for “states’ rights” (as the federal government can’t fully dictate policy, states have more flexibility to write their own rules).
A Confederation (Confederalism) typically, at least in more modern times (when not used as a synonym for a federation, as it often was in history), describes a union of States (or other self-governing bodies) that cooperate, but are only loosely beholden to a central government. Or, according to the CIA, “a union by compact or treaty between states, provinces, or territories, that creates a central government with limited powers.” In other words, if we consider a confederation to be a looser union of entities (like cooperative federalism) and a federation to be a union with a more prominent central government (like dual federalism), then we can see confederalism as a very classically liberal solution to unionism with a focus on states’ rights over central government. NOTE: To be clear, Although any type Union in which states or other entities retain power can be described as a Confederation (as it often was in history), given American history specifically, we typically would consider a confederacy to have a weak central power or no central power. It denotes “very small central government states’ rights focused federalism.
Answer:
Federalism is a type of government in which the power is divided between the national government and other governmental units. It contrasts with a unitary government, in which a central authority holds the power, and a confederation, in which states, for example, are clearly dominant.
Dual Federalism is the idea that the union and the state share power but the Federal Government holds more than the individual states. This is currently how the U.S. system works. (1)
Explanation:
Cooperative Federalism is the idea that the federal government and the state government share power equally. It has never been attempted but it seems unlikely that it would work as the state governments and the federal government would be locked in a stalemate unable to reach compromises over important legislation. (1)
Fiscal Federalism is the type of Federalism in which the money bag controls everything. This gives Congress massive amounts of power as it is responsible for the American treasury. It can therefore limit the budget of any other political department it does not belive is working towards the best interest of America. There have been several instances in our history however of times when Congress has given full of the treasury to the President. One example of this would be the Tonkin Gulf Resoultion in 1964 which gave President Johnsonthe ability to, "expressing the unity and determination of the United States in supporting freedom and in protecting peace in southeast Asia". Which as anyone can see leaves a wide space open for interpretaition. To quote Dr Berry, it was essentially a "blank check". (2)
The definition has changed over time and history has shown us that our own actions have created a few new forms of Federalism in American's times of crisis.
Creative Federalism is common in the United States even now, while New Federalism was doninant type of governmental federalism from 1960 to 1980, and particuarily during the Johnson administration in the 1960's. (1)
The key aspects of Creative Federalism or "picket fence federalism" is that the federal government determined the needs of the states and provided services for them. In this case, the federal government works directly for the states, and caters to their needs. This involves common planning between the federal and state governments to achieve goals that work for the states. These days, creative federalism seems to have been diminished by cooperative federalism and the rise of the federal governments power which started during FDR's presidency and escalated from there.
New Federalism was created in response to the power the state governments lost due to the enforcement of civil rights and President Roosevelts New Deal in the 1960's. This type of federalism returned rights to the local and state governments and turned federal government powers over to the lesser governments. President Nixon prominantly enforced this by returning the provision of block grants and revenue sharing to the state and local governments. (1)