What causes exactly magnets to become a permanent magnet?
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Modern theories of magnetism maintain that a magnetic field is produced by an electric charge in motion, and thus it is theorized that the magnetic field of a so-called “permanent” magnets such as lodestone is the result of electrons within the atoms of iron spinning uniformly in the same direction.
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When a ferromagnetic material is not magnetised its domains point in random directions and their magnetic fields cancel each other out. To make a permanent magnet, ferromagnetic material is heated at incredibly high temperatures while exposed to a strong, external magnetic field.
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