What determines whether a microprocessor is 8 bit,16bit or 32bit?
Answers
Well, It's not well defined. Broadly, as xtofl points out, it's the size of the atomic unit of computation (in early computers, this wasn't always synonymous with "register"). So the PDP-10 was a 36 bit machine, a 8080 was 8 bit, and a IBM 360 or Intel 80386 is "32 bits".
But there are exceptions. The Motorola 68000 and 68010 CPUs implemented a 32 bit register set, but did it via microcode on top of a mostly 16 bit internal architecture. They were usually marketed as "16 bit" CPUs at the time.
The size of the address bus is almost never the defining factor. All successful "8 bit" CPUs implemented 16 bit addressing, for example (often via odd hacks to make up for the lack of a single address register, c.f. 6502's indirect addressing modes or the Z80's H/L registers). And the 8086, as you mention, used its segment register addressing to get 20 address lines to work (the 80286 extended this trick to 24 bits of physical address). And in the other direction, many "32 bit" CPUs had smaller address buses to save logic that wouldn't be used on a machine that would never have more than a few megabytes of memory: the 68000 limited addressing to 24 bits, even though the pointers themselves were 32. Likewise modern 64 bit CPUs universally implement less than 64 bits of physical address.