what did einsten do after graduation
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Einstein graduated from his teachers' training program at the Zurich Polytechnic in August 1900, along with three other students. Two of these students immediately obtained positions as assistants at the Polytechnic, but Einstein was not so fortunate; Professor Weber, a German, was not particularly fond of the student who had renounced his citizenship and relied on his friend's lecture notes to pass all his classes. Unable to find employment immediately after graduation, Einstein spent the summer of 1900 living with his family in Milan.
Over the next three years, Einstein obtained temporary teaching positions while working on his doctoral dissertation on the kinetic theory of gases. His job search became less difficult following the publication of three papers in the prestigious Annalen der Physik. These papers, along with his dissertation, reflect Einstein's frustrations with the mechanical worldview that dominated physics throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth.
The mechanical worldview refers to the Newtonian view of the universe, according to which all natural phenomena arise from the interactions among moving matter. This matter obeys Newton's three laws of motion, involving action and reaction, force and acceleration, and inertia. According to Newton, all matter consists of small particles, which the English chemist John Dalton referred to as "atoms" in the first decade of the nineteenth century. The motion of atoms was set against a background of an infinitely flat "absolute space" and a strictly linear "absolute time." Over the course of the century, chemists and physicists struggled to come to terms with the existence of atoms and their properties.
Even Newton had not been completely comfortable with a strictly mechanical view of the universe, because mechanics seemed unable to account for his law of universal gravitation: how could this force act across space given the vacuum between atoms? Even more serious challenges to the mechanical worldview arose with the formulation of electromagnetic theory by Michael Faraday, James Clerk Maxwell, and Heinrich Hertz over the course of the nineteenth century. The greatest contribution to this theory was Maxwell's famous equations explaining the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Maxwell equations unified electricity and magnetism to define the nature of light. Light had previously been considered a wave that propagated through the ether, a mysterious substance that pervaded the whole universe. The ether, like Newton's absolute space, served as a reference frame against which motion could be measured. One of the most important problems facing physicists like Einstein at the turn of the century was to find a complete mechanical account of Maxwell's equations that was consistent with the Newtonian worldview.
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