what do you know about the shiwaliks?
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Siwalik Range, also called Siwalik Hills or Outer Himalayas, Siwalik also spelled Shiwalik, sub-Himalayan range of the northern Indian subcontinent. ... Though only 10 miles (16 km) wide in places, the range has an average elevation of 3,000 to 4,000 feet (900 to 1,200 metres).
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or Outer Himalayas, Siwalik also spelled Shiwalik, sub-Himalayan range of the northern Indian subcontinent. It extends west-northwestward for more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from the Tista River in Sikkim state, northeastern India, through Nepal, across northwestern India, and into northern Pakistan. Though only 10 miles (16 km) wide in places, the range has an average elevation of 3,000 to 4,000 feet (900 to 1,200 metres). It rises abruptly from the plain of the Indus and Ganges (Ganga) rivers (south) and parallels the main range of the Himalayas (north), from which it is separated by valleys. The Siwaliks are sometimes considered to include the southern foothills of the Assam Himalayas, which extend eastward for 400 miles (640 km) across southern Bhutan to the bend of the Brahmaputra River. The range proper, to which the name Siwalik (from Sanskrit, meaning “Belonging to [the God] Shiva”) was formerly restricted, is the 200 miles (320 km) of foothills in India extending from the Ganges River at Haridwar, Uttarakhand state, northwestward to the Beas River.
Everywhere in this section the poor scrub forests have long since been removed, and the hills are subject to severe erosion. Seasonal torrents, called cos, sweep masses of sand and silt down into ever-changing great streambeds that are dry except after rains. Nepal’s portion of the range is called the Churia Range.
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India: The Outer Himalayas (the Siwalik Range)
The southernmost of the three mountain belts are the Outer Himalayas, also called the Siwalik (or Shiwalik)...
This article was most recently revised and updated by Maren Goldberg, Assistant Editor.
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Kumaun Himalayas
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Kumaun Himalayas
mountains, India
Kumaun Himalayas, west-central section of the Himalayas in northern India, extending 200 miles (320 km) from the Sutlej River east to the Kali River. The range, comprising part of the Siwalik Range in the south and part of the Great Himalayas in the north, lies largely within the state of Uttarakhand, northwest of Nepal. It rises to 25,646 feet (7,817 metres) at Nanda Devi, the range’s highest peak, and to 25,446 feet (7,756 metres) at Kamet, near the Chinese border. At elevations above 14,000 feet (4,300 metres), snow covers the mountains throughout the year. Glaciers and snowmelt feed the headstreams of the Ganges River in torrents that rush through gorges and steep-sided ravines.
Below the permanent snow line—between 9,000 and 14,000 feet (2,750 and 4,300 metres)—is a cold windswept zone where herders take sheep and goats to graze during the short summers. At lower elevations, between 3,500 and 8,000 feet (1,100 and 2,400 metres), a temperate climate encourages year-round settlement; farmers raise livestock and cultivate terraced, irrigated slopes. Deodar cedar forests supply timber that is sold on the plains to the south, but in recent years deforestation has diminished timber yields and caused land degradation and erosion. Commerce centres on Dehra Dun, the capital of Uttarakhand, in the southern foothills. Indians from the lowlands use Mussoorie as a summer resort and educational centre, and Hindu pilgrims travel into the high mountains farther north to visit shrines at Badrinath, Kedarnath, and Gangotri.