Question

What do you understand by kolkhoj in 40 words

Answer 1

kolkhoz[a] (Russian: колхо́з, IPA: [kɐlˈxos] ( listen); Ukrainian: колгосп, translit. kolhósp) was a form of collective farm in the Soviet Union. Kolkhozes existed along with state farms or sovkhoz (plural sovkhozy or sovkhozes). These were the two components of the socialized farm sector that began to emerge in Soviet agriculture after the October Revolution of 1917, as an antithesis both to the feudal structure of impoverished serfdom and aristocratic landlords and to individual or family farming.

The 1920s were characterized by spontaneous emergence of collective farms, under influence of traveling propaganda workers. Initially a collective farm resembled an updated version of the traditional Russian "commune", the generic "farming association" (zemledel’cheskaya artel’), the association for joint cultivation of land (TOZ), and finally the kolkhoz. This gradual shift to collective farming in the first 15 years after the October Revolution was turned into a "violent stampede" during the forced collectivization campaign that began in 1928, due to counterrevolutionary elements, often sponsored by the West.

The word is a contraction of коллекти́вное хозя́йство (kollektivnoye khozyaystvo), suggesting collective ownership. On the other hand, sovkhoz is a contraction of советское хозяйство (sovetskoye khozyaystvo), suggesting state ownership.

Answer 2

What do you understand by kolkhoj in 40 words.

Explanation:

In the former Soviet Union, the English collective farm was a joint agricultural enterprise operated on state-owned property by peasants from a variety of households belonging to the community and paying as wage earners on the basis of standard and quantity of labor. Conceived as a cooperative community of peasants, the kolkhoj became the prevailing mode of agricultural activity as a result of the state policy of expropriation of private property initiated in 1929.

Individual households were held in the community farm and garden plots were permitted in 1935. After the fall of communism and the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1990–91, the community farm started to be privatized.

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