Question

What factors relate the number of protons in the nucleons with the number of electrons in the orbitals?

Answer 1

You appear to be asking why atoms always have the same number of protons and electrons. I think the answer is that we define atoms to be neutral entities. There is a natural tendency for entities to be neutral : otherwise they will attract or repel additional electrons.
There are atoms with more or less electrons than protons, which we call ions. Some atoms (eg iron, vanadium) can exist stably in more than one charge state, depending on the chemical environment. Isolated atoms which are neutral do not 'want' to lose or gain electrons. Exchange and sharing of electrons takes place in the presence of other atoms, and varies according to what these other atoms are. Whether or not an electron is lost or gained or shared cannot be determined by applying quantum mechanics to one atom alone.

Answer 2

heya dear!!!
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there is a tendency of an atom to be neutral.
for this there should be equal no. of positive and negative charge . so, for thus electron is negative and proton is positive and thus they are having neutral