What forced the monarchs to introduce reforms in the society?
Answers
The Bourbon Reforms (Spanish: Reformas Borbónicas) were a set of economic and political legislation promulgated by the Spanish Crown under various kings of the House of Bourbon, mainly in the 18th century. The strengthening of the crown's power with clear lines of authority to officials contrasted to the complex system of government that evolved under the Habsburg monarchs.[1] In particular, the crown pursued state supremacy over the Catholic Church, resulting in the suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1767 as well as an attempt to abolish ecclesiastical privilege (fuero eclesiástico).[2]
The reforms resulted in significant restructuring of the administrative structure and personnel.[3] The reforms were intended to stimulate manufacturing and technology to modernise Spain. In Spanish America, the reforms were designed to make the administration more efficient and to promote its economic, commercial and fiscal development. The crown did so, hoping that it would have a positive effect on the economy of Spain. Furthermore, the Bourbon Reforms were intended to limit the power of Creoles and re-establish Spanish supremacy over the colonies.[4]
The reforms achieved mixed results administratively but succeeded in alienating the local elites of the Americas (who called themselves Criollos) and eventually led to the demise of all overseas dominions of the Spanish crown.[5]
Answer:a. Monarchs began to realise that the cycle of revolution and repression were a hurdle in the way of rule. Hence, it can be stopped by granting concessions to the liberal nationalists and making reforms.
b. The autocratic monarchs of Central and Eastern Europe started to bring changes after 1848 with the rise of nationalist feelings and solidarity.
c. Thus serfdom and bonded labour were abolished in Habsburg Dominion and in Russia.
d. The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to Hungarians in 1867.
Explanation: