Question

What is "Electoral Politics"?
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Answer 1

Answer:

An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Political electoral systems are organized by governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, non-profit organisations and informal organisations.

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Answer 2

Answer:

Church and State: Political Science Aspects

J.T.S. Madeley, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001

3 Religious Cleavages and the Development of Party Systems

With the development of mass electoral politics in the nineteenth century the emergent party systems tended to reflect divergent systems of religious—in addition to social, economic, and other—cleavages; indeed, the relative prominence of religious or religion-related cleavages during the formative period up to the 1920s accounts for the survival, by inertia, of patterns of confessional politics which otherwise might well have disappeared. In northern Europe the existence of state–church systems had led over time to the emergence of movements of religious protest and dissent, which typically aligned themselves with other reforming elements in left or liberal movements. In the Counter-Reformation south on the other hand, where religious dissent had been more or less successfully repressed by the historic alliance of throne and altar, reforming and revolutionary movements tended to be militantly secularist, with the effect that the connection between religion and the political right was consolidated. A third pattern developed in the band of mixed-religion territories, which spanned Europe from Ireland to Transylvania, where the liberalization of political systems, when it occurred, ushered in patterns of confessional politics which, in nonmajoritarian settings, took the form of consociationalism.

Beyond Europe, developing party systems tended only marginally or incidentally to be affected by religious cleavages as such; religious connections were usually outgrowths of ethnic or community identities, whether on the part of immigrant populations as in the USA, South Africa, or Australia, or on the part of anticolonial movements committed to seizing independence on behalf of indigenous populations. In the latter case independence movements varied in terms of the religious structure of the populations affected, with the formerly united Indian subcontinent divided between Hindu, Islamic, and (in the case of Sri Lanka) Buddhist leaderships heading up parties which, on independence, became dominant in their respective systems. In more recent decades the often secular leaderships of the movements which successfully claimed independence have been challenged by movements of religious insurgency, driven in part by disappointment with the fruits of independence. Some authors have even identified in these developments a global revival of the influence of religion in politics.