What is Narration ?
Example.............
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Answers
Narration
In the speech the part within the quotation marks is called reported speech and the part outside the quotation marks, containing subject and verb is called reporting verb. When we transcribe (I. e. write) the words of the speaker as they are, it is called direct narration. We put his/her words into inverted commas.
As......
Mohan said tome, "You are my best friend".
Thus direct narration has two parts viz. Reporting speech (Mohan said to me) and Reporting speech ("You are my best friend"). When these words are retold to somebody else the two parts added together.
Mohan told me that i was his best friend.
It is called indirect narration.
when we are required to change direct narration into indirect narration, we have to pay attention to the necessary changes made into the indirect narration.
1) Person change___
1st person into reported speech is to be changed as per "SUBJECT" of the reporting speech.
2nd person a per OBJECT of the reporting speech.
3rd person no change.
2) Change in tense___
1) If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense of the reported speech does not change.
2) If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense of the reported speech changes correspondingly as follows.
Rules for changing direct into indirect speech
(a) Changes in the Reporting verb.
When a direct speech is converted into the indirect form, the first change to be made is in the reporting verb. The reporting verb, it should be noted is the verb which introduces the speech. It is changed into - told, added, remarked or observed, asked or enquired, ordered, commaned or requested, prayed or exclaimed according to the sense of the reported speech.
(b) How to insert suitable conjunction?
Next, we have to insert suitable conjunctions to introduce the reported speech. The word commonly uesd for this purpose except with interrogative and optative sentences is 'that'. If the reported speech consists of an interrogativ pronoun or adverb, no other connective is required, the pronoun or adverb itself serving the purpose. In case of interrogative pronoun or adverbs, the usual connective is if or whether.
Direct :-
1) He said to Ram, "You are a liar."
2) He said to Ram,"Are you a liar."
3) He said To Ram,"Who are you?"
Indirect :-
1) He told Ram that he was a lair.
2) He asked Ram if he was a lair.
3) He asked Ram who he was.
It should further be noted that interrogative. imperative and operative sentences often assume the assertive from in the indirect speech, in such cases the connective is dropped and the reporting verb is either omitted or changed into an infinitive.
Example :-
Direct :-
1) He said to me, "What is your name? " ( Interrogative)
2) He said to Ram,"Read this letter." ( Imperative)
3) He said to me,"May you be happy." ( Operative)
Indirect :-
1) He enquired my name.
or
He asked me what my name was.
2) He asked (ordered) Ram to read that letter.
3) He prayed for my happiness.
(c) Change the tense
In changing a direct speech into the indirect form of narration, the tense of all verbs in the reported speech has to be changed. The following rules in this connection should be carefully noted :
1. If the reporting verb is in the present or, in the future tense, there will be no change in the verb of the reported speech.
2. If the reporting verbs is in the past tense as it usually is, all verbs in the reported speech will change in the following (given in picture).
3. If If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the past perfect tense in the reported speech will remain as it is, but shall and will in the future tense become should and would.
4. Statement in the reported speech which express some general or universal truth should be retained without any change of tense.
(d) Changes in the person of pronouns
Another important change to be made is the person of pronouns in the reported speech. It is a difficult task, for a correct change in the person of pronouns. It will depend upon the students ability to distinguish between the person to whom however, be laid down for the guidance of the students :
1. All third person pronouns in the reported speech will generally remain unchanged.
2. All first person pronouns in the reported speech will change according to the person of the subject of the reporting verb.
3. All second person pronouns in the reported speech will change according to the person of the noun or pronoun ( expressed or understood) after the reporting verb.
(e) Change in the words of proximity (nearness)
All pronouns, objectives or adverbs in the direct speech denoting pronouns, adjectives or adverbs in the direct speech denoting nearness should be replaced by corresponding words denoting remoteness thus:
(given in picture)
But these change should not be made blindly. The students is advised to take the sense of the reported speech into consideration and if it appears that the act of reporting is happening at the same place or time, it will be better to make no change at all.
