What is solar cell? Explain its working.
Answers
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Solar Cell➙ An electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
When light energy strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material. If electrical conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides, forming an electrical circuit, the electrons can be captured in the form of an electric current.
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Question
What is a solar cell ? Explain it's working.
Solar cell :- A solar cell or solar battery is basically a P-N junction diode which converts solar energy into electrical energy. It is also called a solar energy converter and is simply a photo diode operated at zero bias voltage.
Working
1. When light is allowed to incident on a P-N junction diode, photons collide with valence electrons and impart them sufficient energy enabling them to leave their parent atoms.
2. Thus, electron - hole pairs are generated in both the P and the N-sides of the junction.
3. These electrons and holes reach the deflection region by diffusion and are then separated by the strong barrier field existing there.
4. However, the minority carries, electrons in the P-side slide down the barrier to reach the N-side and the holes in the N-side move to P-side.
5. Their flow constitutes the minority current which is directly proportional to the illumination and also depends on the surface area being exposed to light.
6. The accumulation of electrons and holes on the two sides of the junction gives rise to an open circuit voltage Voc which is a function of illumination.
7. The open-circuit voltage produced for a silicon solar-cell is typically 0.6 volt and the short circuit current is about 40 mA/cm² in bright noon day sunlight.
8. Many such cells are interconnected to provide large quantities of electrical power.
9. Solar panels providing 5 watt at 12 volt have been built to operate 24 hours a day by recharging the batteries during day light hours.
10. The 100 mW/cm² illumination, the open circuit voltage is about 0.57 volt while the short circuit is 50 mA.
11. Maximum power output is however, obtained when the cell is operated at the knee of the curve.
12. Solar cells are used extensively in satellites and space vehicles to supply power to electronic and other equipments or to charge storage batteries.
13. They are receiving attention even for the terrestrial electric power generation.
14. Production of low-cost photovolatic cells for large-scale solar energy is a topic for research.
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