what is test tube baby ? write the procedure of IVF
Answers
Answer: The Test Tube Baby Technique: What is test tube baby?
A test tube baby is a baby conceived outside the female body. In effect it is a baby conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF), where the egg is fertilized outside the body, in a laboratory dish, and then implanting it in a woman’s uterus.
First Test Tube baby in the world
The first ever successful birth of a child to be born by IVF treatment occurred in 1978. Louise Brown was the first child born as a result of natural cycle IVF where no stimulation was made. (1, 2)
First Test Tube baby in India
Dr. Subhash Mukhopadhyay created history when he became the first physician in India (and second in the world after British physicians Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards) to perform the In vitro fertilization resulting in a test tube baby “Durga” (Kanupriya Agarwal) on October 3, 1978.
Both Dr Mukhopadhyay and British scientists Robert G Edwards and Patrick Steptoe — creators of the world’s first test-tube baby — started work at the same time. The Indian baby was born on October 3, 1978, just 67 days after Marie Louise Brown was born (3).
India faces a high burden of infertility, with 22 to 33 million couples in the reproductive age suffering from lifetime infertility (4). For these couples, turning to advanced medical science seems to be the only option.
How common is IVF or the test tube baby technique?
By 2016, some 6.5 million babies had been born using in-vitro fertilization (IVF). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 1.6% of babies born in the United States each year are conceived through assisted reproductive technology (ART). (5)
In a normal pregnancy, a male sperm penetrates a woman’s egg and fertilizes it inside her body after ovulation, when a mature egg has been released from the ovaries.
The fertilized egg then attaches itself to the wall of the uterus, or womb, and begins developing into a baby. This is known as natural conception.
However, if natural or unassisted conception is not possible, fertility treatments are a viable option. IVF or test tube babies are one such option.
Test tube baby Process or IVF procedure (Step-By-Step)
Techniques may differ a little depending on the clinic, but IVF usually involves the following steps:
Test Tube baby procedure step by step
1. Suppressing the natural menstrual cycle
The woman receives a drug, usually in the form of a daily injection for about 2 weeks, to suppress their natural menstrual cycle.
2. Super ovulation
Fertility drugs containing the fertility hormone follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are given to the woman. FSH makes the ovaries produce more eggs than usual. Vaginal ultrasound scans can monitor the process in the ovaries.
3. Retrieving the eggs
The eggs are collected through a minor surgical procedure known as “follicular aspiration.” A very thin needle is inserted through the vagina and into an ovary. The needle is which is connected to a suction device. This sucks the eggs out. This process is repeated for each ovary.
In 2011, researchers suggested that collecting 15 eggs from the ovaries in one cycle gives the highest chance of a successful pregnancy.
Frozen or donated eggs may also be used.
4. Insemination and fertilization
The eggs that have been collected are placed together with male sperm and kept in an environmentally controlled chamber. After a few hours, the sperm should enter the egg.
Sometimes the sperm is directly injected into the egg. This is known as an intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
Frozen sperm, retrieved through testicular biopsy, may be used. This is believed to be as effective as fresh sperm in achieving a successful pregnancy.
The fertilized egg divides and becomes an embryo.
At this point, some centers offer pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) which can screen an embryo for genetic disorders. This is somewhat controversial and is not always used.
One or two of the best embryos are selected for transfer.
The woman is then given progesterone or human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) to help the lining of the womb receive the embryo.
5. Embryo transfer
Sometimes, more than one embryo is placed in the womb. It is important that the doctor and the couple wishing to have a child discuss how many embryos should be transferred. Normally, a doctor will only transfer more than one embryo if no ideal embryos are available.
The transfer of the embryo is done using a thin tube, or catheter. It enters the womb through the vagina. When the embryo sticks to the lining of the womb, healthy embryo growth can begin.
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