What is the antipodal locations of the following longitudes:
1) 10' E
2) 90'E
3) 40'W
4) 120'E
Answers
Answer:
4
Traditionally, there has been a focus within Occupational Health and Safety (OSH) on what are regarded as the ‘high-risk’ industrial sectors such as mining (and quarrying), fishing and construction. This is reflected in the preparation of specific OSH Directives covering these sectors. To some extent this reflected a focus on the ‘headline’ issue of fatal accidents where these sectors tended to predominate. More recently however, there has been a growing recognition that, although such accidents are clearly important, this adopts a somewhat narrow perspective that may not provide the best reflection of OSH concerns, or the overall burden of OSH on the workforce and the wider community. For example, a UK-based study[1] estimated in 2016 that there were approximately 12,000 deaths each year in the UK due to occupational respiratory diseases resulting from exposures to chemicals, fibres (particularly asbestos) and dusts. This can be contrasted with the 144 fatal injuries at work in the UK in 2015/16[2] and the estimated 1.3 million people (who worked in 2015/16) who reported that they were suffering from an illness they believed was caused or made worse by their work[3].
This article, drawn largely from various EU sources and statistics, examines the risks of accidents and work-related diseases in different sectors and occupations across the EU from a variety of differing perspectives. This shows that, although in some instances the ‘traditional’ heavy industries predominate (e.g. in respect of fatal accidents), other sets of data provide a different perspective. For example, in respect of musculoskeletal disorders (the health problem affecting the most workers across the EU-28) sectors such as the wholesale retail trade, and hotels and restaurants (not conventionally regarded as high risk) feature highly in the incidence of such problems. Similarly in respect of health problems associated with psychosocial risks (after musculoskeletal health problems, the second most frequently reported work-related health problem) the two highest ranking sectors are education and financial intermediation.
From this it will be seen that, depending on the perspective adopted, there are a number of sectors, industries and occupations which have a high percentage of accidents and work-related diseases. In fact, each sector has its own predominant safety (and particularly health) problems. The causes of accidents and ill-health in the different sectors are manifold. In order to prevent these health and safety risks, legal requirements and preventive measures need to be similarly complex.